International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences

The present global trend is finding potent probiotics in addition to animal feed. This study aimed to investigate the ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Thai silver BARB fish (Barbonymus gonionotus) as potential probiotics for use in animal feed. Isolated strains were screened based on their resistance to lysozyme, and 10 selected strains showed higher activity than others. Those strains were identified using biochemical characteristics and the sequencing of 16S rDNA. Identification revealed that those isolates are belong to: Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lactoplantibacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The 10 isolates were subjected to the probiotic tests, including (antimicrobial activity, antibiotic susceptibility, acid and bile salt tolerance, and hydrophobicity) to determine which isolate had the most potent probiotic effect. As a result, L. rhamnosus KKU-D89 isolate exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli, high tolerance against acid and bile salt conditions, and an interesting hydrophobicity percentage. L. rhamnosus KKU-D89, as a probiotic potent was selected for encapsulation by glutinous rice flour mixed with inulin (GRF-inulin) using the freeze-drying technique. Microcapsules used to prepare probiotic feed pellets are named (microencapsulated-pro KKU-D89 pellets). Another feed pellets prepared from an uncoated isolate named are (uncoated-pro KKU-D89 pellets). Especially, microencapsulated-pro KKU-D89 pellets showed excellent encapsulation efficiency (100%), high stability efficiency (96.9%), and cell viability ranging from log 11.7-12.8 CFU/g compared with uncoated pellets. Additionally, microencapsulated-pro KKU-D89 pellets revealed releasing high viable cells (log 10.7 CFU/mL) in gastric juice pH 2.0 and (log 12.3 CFU/mL) in intestinal juice pH 7.2. This microcapsule pellets showed interesting free radicals scavenging activity against both DPPH and ABTS inhibition assays with 54.3 and 43.2%, respectively. In conclusion, the microencapsulated-pro L. rhamnosus KKU-D89 pellets using GRF-inulin have the potential to develop as a novel feed formulation by enabling viable probiotic bacteria to reach the large intestine through feeding.

Keywords: GRF-inulin capsules, Probiotic additive, Animal feeding, In vitro release, In vitro antioxidant.

Southeast Asia boasts a rich variety of food, mainly featuring fishery and fermented products. This region is home to a wide range of indigenous foods, each unique to its own country. Most of these culinary offerings consist of meat and seafood. Various food items subjected to testing were found to contain a spectrum of biogenic amine compounds such as tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermine, spermidine, and tyramine, with histamine being the most frequently analyzed. Most food samples tested complied with the maximum biogenic amine content standards. Biogenic amines (BA) are organic compounds with one or more amine functional groups (-NH2) formed during microbial fermentation. Consuming foods high in BA is linked to adverse health effects like migraines, high blood pressure, and tachycardia. BA toxicity can occur at levels much lower than the regulatory and suggested toxic doses, influenced by an individual’s sensitivity, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Although BA are found in many fermented foods, food safety and public health professionals often lack awareness of the potential health risks and control strategies. This review examines the presence of BA in Southeast Asian foods, identifies contributing factors and formation mechanisms, and explores potential strategies for reducing their levels.

Keywords: Biogenic amine, Food safety, Indigenous food, Southeast Asia.

Induction of in vitro polyploidy was carried out for plant breeding and development of local taro known as talas bite taro, (Colocasia esculenta) which is endemic to Toraja, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia, and is a neglected and underutilized crop but can be an alternative food source. This study aims to determine an efficient polyploidy induction method using in vitro trials on combinations of colchicine concentration and soaking time. The experiment was set using a completely randomized design (CRD), with colchicine and soaking time as treatments. Polyploidy of talas bite taro was induced by soaking the young shoots in 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20% colchicine solutions with soaking time of 1-, 2-, and 3-days. Results showed that colchicine induction did not show significant differences in shoot emergence, and leaf emergence. However, there was a tendency to decrease in shoot and leaf emergence observed in plantlets treated with higher colchicine, indicating that some of the effects are prevalent. At a concentration of 0.20% and soaking time for 1- and 2 days the mortality rate was at LC50, producing mixoploid plantlets with morphological character and cytological analysis showing proof that the cells were mixoploid Type 2 (2n=2x, 4n=4x), signifying changes in the polyploidy level of the cells.

Keywords: Colchicine, In vitro, Polyploidy, Talas bite, Toraja local taro.

Fermented green juice (FGJ) has established its efficiency as a silage additive; its addition to alfalfa and timothy resulted in good fermentation-quality silage. Therefore, the fermentation quality of corn silage treated with FGJ was evaluated in a laboratory-scale experiment. Whole plant corn at the dough stage was harvested and treated with FGJ prepared from corn, alfalfa, or timothy. Comparing the fermentation characteristics of the three FGJs, the epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) predominantly grew in all FGJs, and its level reached 107 cfu/g in timothy and corn FGJs. While alfalfa FGJ contained the highest number of LAB 5.8×108 cfu/g. The highest lactic acid content was found in alfalfa FGJ, which subsequently resulted in the highest total acid content. However, alfalfa FGJ recorded the highest pH value, and this may be ascribed to the high buffering capacity of alfalfa. Aerobic bacteria and mold levels were decreased after 2 days of fermentation in all FGJs. On the contrary, yeast tended to increase in corn and alfalfa FGJs while it decreased only in timothy FGJ. Both control and FGJ-treated silages were well-preserved silages. The pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content did not increase more than 3.79 and 4.9% TN, respectively. Corn FGJ-treated silage has a lower pH value, lower NH3-N/TN, and higher Flieg’s point and V-score than the control silage. Both molds and enterobacterial growth were depressed in all silages. Corn and alfalfa FGJs treated silages had lower aerobic bacterial count than the control. While the lowest level of yeast was detected in timothy FGJ-treated silage. In conclusion, data obtained in this trial suggested that adding FCJ to properly ensiled corn may be of questionable value.

Keywords: Corn silage, Fermentation, Fermented green juice, Nutrition, Timothy silage

This study used a factorial Complete Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of factor A (phosphorus level) and factor B (addition of Rhizobium inoculation). The research treatment was as follows: Factor A=phosphorus level, P0: control phosphorus level or 0kg, P1: phosphorus level 0.25g SP36/polybag, P2: phosphorus level 1g SP36/polybag. While factor B=addition of Rhizobium inoculation, I0: without addition of Rhizobium, I1: addition of Rhizobium 2.5 gr/polybag. The parameters observed were plant height growth, fresh matter and dry production, number and weight of pods, number and weight of pods and seeds, quality of crude protein content and crude fiber content. The results of this study showed that the application of phosphorus and Rhizobium fertilizers had no real effect (P>0.05) on plant height, and no real effect on dry matter production, number, and weight of pods, and not the nutritional quality of crude fiber and crude protein, but a real effect (P<0.05) on the root nodules, fresh matter and the number and weight of seeds. There is an interaction between the application of phosphorus fertilizer and the addition of Rhizobium bacteria on the parameters of the root nodules, pod weight, number of seeds, crude protein content and crude fiber. The best treatment combination among several treatments is the combination of P2I1 with a fertilization dose of 1g/polybag with the addition of 2.5g Rhizobium inoculation.

Keywords: Peanuts; Phosphorus; Rhizobium; Root nodules.

A diverse array of spider species inhabits agroecosystems and wild mountainsides, where beekeeping boxes are temporarily installed for natural feeding. Over the past decade, the wax moths Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella have become widespread pests in bee colonies within Armenian agrosystems and have also caused damage to stored honeybee combs. Spiders, as predators, employ various strategies to eliminate pests in nature and beekeeping boxes, acting as effective biological control agents. This study aimed to evaluate the functional responses of several Aranea species to these pests, providing viable options for biological control technologies without pesticide use. In this research, eleven spider species were tested, and different functional responses were observed against wax moth larvae and adults. The findings highlighted that Steatoda paykulliana was the most significant natural enemy and Thanatus pictus was the least effective predator. In addition, intraspecific interference among the eleven spider species demonstrated that increased spider density led to a decreased predation ratio. The results further signified a positive correlation between predator density and the intensity of scrambling competition.

Keywords: Araneae, Biocontrol, Functional response, Pyralidae.

The extraction of chlorophyll from Caulerpa racemosa using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) composed of glucose and glycerol offers a sustainable alternative to conventional solvents. This study investigates the efficiency of chlorophyll extraction using different molar ratios of glucose to glycerol NADES (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). Fresh samples of C. racemosa were collected, cleaned, dried, and ground into a fine powder. The NADES mixtures were prepared by heating and stirring glucose, glycerol, and water until a clear, homogeneous liquid formed. Chlorophyll extraction was performed using a shaker incubator, followed by filtration and centrifugation to obtain a clear supernatant. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) was employed to analyze the functional groups in the extracted chlorophyll. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of key functional groups associated with chlorophyll molecules, such as O-H, C-H, and C=O, validating the extraction process. The results demonstrated that the glucose-glycerol NADES mixtures were effective in extracting chlorophyll from C. racemosa, with the 1:2 ratio showing the highest efficiency. It was concluded that use of NADES presents several advantages, including environmental friendliness, non-toxicity, and biodegradability, making it a promising method for large-scale chlorophyll extraction for applications in pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. Future research could focus on optimizing NADES compositions and exploring their potential for extracting other bioactive compounds.

Keywords: Caulerpa racemosa, Chlorophyll, FTIR, NADES, Natural extraction.

This study was designed to evaluate metabolic profile test during different reproductive stages in goats. From each goat, 5 jugular blood samples were collected on EDTA and plain tubes. The 1st sample (T0) was collected before synchronization and the 2nd (T1) was collected during the first trimester of pregnancy. The 3rd (T2) and 4th (T3) samples were collected during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The 5th (T4) sample was collected after 10 days of parturition. Compared to values at T0, total leukocytic count and lymphocytes at T1, T2, and T3 and also at T4 were significantly higher. However, neutrophil count was lower at T1, T2 and T4 and higher at T3 versus T0. The hemoglobin concentration was significantly higher at T1-T4 compared to T0. Globulin concentration decreased significantly at T2 and T3 versus T0. Concerning the activity of alkaline phosphatase, there was a highly significant increase in all periods of sampling (T1-T4) compared to T0. However, alanine aminotransferase activity increased only significantly at T1 and T4 compared to T0. The serum concentration of total bilirubin increased significantly at T2, T3 and T4 compared to T0 and T1. Hyperglycemia was observed at T1 and T2 compared to T0. Sodium and potassium increased significantly during T1-T4 time-points compared to T0. In conclusion, several hematological and biochemical metabolites change markedly in the goats at different reproductive stages. These fluctuations are physiological as a result of pregnancy and lactation. We recommend establishing a reference for hematobiochemical parameters in goats during each reproductive stage.

Keywords: Goat, Metabolic profile test, Physiology, Pregnancy, Reproduction.

Broiler product quality has become essential in marketing strategies in the global scientific research landscape. This research aims to explore the latest findings in scientific research on the quality of broiler chicken products and analyze their implications for marketing performance. The bibliometric analysis method was applied in this research using the Scopus database as a data source, focusing on the keywords “broiler” and “marketing” in the article title. This approach allowed the identification of 19 relevant documents, which were then analyzed comprehensively. Key findings from the analysis show increasing research interest in the marketing of broiler products over time, underscoring the importance of marketing strategies in the industry. Understanding the factors influencing product quality and marketing performance is essential in marketing. The implication for marketing performance is that a better understanding of the factors influencing product quality, such as heat stress management, industry regulations, feed management, and nutritional supplementation, can help manufacturers develop more effective marketing strategies. In addition, these findings also highlight the importance of further research that focuses on the role of retailers in the broiler product supply chain. This can improve understanding of distribution strategies and consumer perceptions, significantly contributing to the development of the broiler industry in a dynamic market.

Keywords: Broiler; Marketing; Stress management; Industry regulation; Retailer.

Modern and digital technology is becoming increasingly important to facilitate teaching in our universities and colleges. The smartphone represents a considerable advantage for photography and image transfer. Given its accessibility and the relative scarcity of teaching aids in developing countries, it could be a valuable tool for practical plant biology work. This study aims to present a methodology for producing digital photographs of anatomical sections obtained during practical work in the histology of vascular plants. It was carried out between March 2019 and November 2023. The approach consisted of pairing a smartphone with an optical microscope to photograph anatomical sections. It enabled the creation of 246 images of stems, roots, and leaves. The results showed that smartphone sensors can take detailed images on optical microscopes not connected to the computer. These images make it easier to describe the primary and secondary histological structures of plant organs with learners. Tissues present in the cortex, and central cylinder of stems and roots, both young and old, and in the leaf blade and central vein of monocotyledons and dicotyledons are better observed and commented on. While facilitating collaboration and discussion, this methodology helps illustrate and understand the lessons learned quickly. It should be disseminated to other universities in Côte d’Ivoire and other developing countries to compensate for the lack of teaching materials.

Keywords: Smartphone, Photography, Practical work, Cytology, Histology, Anatomy.

This study investigates Alligator weed’s nutritional value and potential application (Alternanthera philoxeroides) as a feed ingredient in herbivorous aquaculture. The nutrient composition of Alligator weed was analyzed, revealing a high content of crude protein (18.5g/100g), crude fiber (21.0g/100g), and essential minerals such as calcium (1,200mg/100g) and potassium (2,350mg/100g). Phytochemical analysis identified significant amounts of flavonoids (2.35g/100g) and phenolic compounds (3.80g/100g), indicating potential antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay, with methanol extracts showing the highest activity (79.4% inhibition at 10mg/mL). The application of Alligator weed in aquaculture feed was evaluated in several herbivorous fish species, including tilapia, grass carp, silver carp, common carp, and freshwater prawns. Optimal inclusion levels were determined to be 20%, resulting in improved growth performance, feed conversion ratios (FCR), and survival rates across all species. The findings suggest that Alligator weed is a promising, sustainable feed ingredient that can enhance the health and productivity of herbivorous aquaculture species. Further research on long-term effects and commercial viability is recommended to fully harness its benefits.

Keywords: Alligator weed, Antioxidant, Aquaculture feed, Herbivorous fish, Nutritional value.

This qualitative research study examines the supply chain of commercial grasshopper farming in Thailand. It focuses on the upstream to downstream, with 30 farm representatives throughout Thailand participating in interviews and observations. The results for the upstream reveal that the farmers use a variety of rearing cages and housing designs, while the rearing process includes breed selection, egg incubation, food and care, a breeding site, and harvesting for which essential materials and equipment are required. In the midstream, the grasshopper farmers carry out product aggregation, distribution, and transportation, with intermediary traders playing a significant role. The downstream involves local and non-local buyers, with farmers diversifying their sales channels through group networks, community markets, street vendors, and various online channels. The application of blockchain technology in the farm products supply chain has the potential to increase inspection efficiency and consumer confidence but within certain limitations. The issues to be addressed include data collection between farmers and consumers, information standards, digital literacy, and writing. Collaboration between public and private sector stakeholders is essential to achieve sustainable production, ensure food safety standards, and raise consumer awareness.

Keywords: Commercial grasshopper farming, Supply chain, Blockchain technology, Edible insects, Thailand.

The present research aims to elucidate the interaction between the influence of Probiotic inclusion in drinking water and Lamtoro leaf meal (LLM) as an additional dietary fiber, which may act as a prebiotic. The research used 200 one-day-old chickens with a mean body weight of 25.8±1.36 g/head. Based on a completely randomized design, the chickens were divided into 5 treatment groups (P0-negative control; P1- P1-positive control; P2- 0.3% Probiotic; P3- 0.6% Probiotic; P4- 0.9% Probiotic) 4 replications with 5 chicks. Performances (body weight gain, feed intake, crude protein and fiber intakes), gross-morphometric indices of small intestine and histo-morphometric indices of ileum were measured. Along the experiment, there is no different response between the group fed basal diet (P0) and the group fed additional 3% LLM (P1). Along the 1st five weeks, the intakes of diet, crude protein and crude fiber were not significantly different among the five treatment groups. Along the 2nd five weeks, probiotic inclusion increased feed intake significantly. In line, probiotic inclusion significantly increased both the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber. Calculated FCR along the 1st and 2nd five weeks were significantly improved with increasing the level of probiotic inclusion. Moreover, probiotic inclusion also affected significantly to increase gross and histo-morphometric indices of the Ileum. In conclusion, the current research suggests that probiotic inclusion in drinking water and addition of 3% LLM as additional fiber resulted in a beneficial synergistic impact on significant improving the performance of Kampung chicken and absorption processes in small intestine.

Keywords: Kampung chicken, Probiotic, Lamtoro leaf meal, Performance, Small intestinal morphometry.

The article covers 18 years of research on breeding and technology development for the cultivation of safflower varieties, as well as an analysis of crop productivity in the Lower Volga region in the zone of chestnut soils of the Volga Left Bank, Russia. The analysis of data on the natural and climatic conditions of safflower cultivation and its yield enabled us to achieve the study’s goal: determine the role of factors influencing crop seed yield in an arid climate. The study of the relationship between seed yield and weather conditions made it possible to divide the yield into favorable and unfavorable years according to natural and climatic conditions. During the period under study, there are periods in the data sample when natural and climatic conditions were favorable for the development of culture: 2012, 2019, 2020: GTK = 1.1, 1.65; 1.13; however, the yield of safflower is low: 0.48, 0.7, and 0.6t/ha, respectively. Also, during the studied period, there were years with unfavorable natural and climatic conditions: 2021, 2022, and 2023, but the seed yield was quite high: 1.05, 0.92, and 0.88t/ha, respectively. We examined the meteorological conditions in the years corresponding to the safflower plant development periods in detail to clarify the reasons for the results. A detailed analysis made it possible to determine natural phenomena that positively and negatively affect the collection of safflower seeds. Data on yield, air temperature, and precipitation were subjected to analysis of variance, as a result of which it was determined that the study results are reliable with high probability and significant (P<0.005) in the formation of safflower seed yield.

Keywords: Aridization of territories; Oilseeds; Safflower; Precipitation; Air temperature.

Rice, a staple food for a significant portion of the global population, faces substantial yield losses due to insect pests. These losses, estimated to be between 25 to 50%, pose a serious threat to food security, particularly in developing countries. Insectary plants play a crucial role in conservation biological control programs by providing essential resources such as shelter, food, and oviposition sites for beneficial insects. These resources are particularly important for omnivorous predators, which require both prey and plant materials for their survival and reproduction. Sweet Alyssum (Lobularia maritima), a flowering plant known for attracting beneficial insects, can potentially enhance biological control in rice agroecosystems. By attracting and providing resources for these natural enemies of pests, Sweet Alyssum can contribute to regulating pest populations and reducing the need for chemical pesticides. The mechanisms through which Sweet Alyssum enhances the presence of beneficial insects include the emission of floral volatiles, which act as attractants, and the production of nectar, which serves as a food source for adult insects. Incorporating Sweet Alyssum into integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, such as implementing flower strips, intercropping, or border cropping, can significantly enhance the diversity and abundance of parasitoids and predators in agroecosystems. This, in turn, substantially impacts pest control efficacy, highlighting the potential of Sweet Alyssum as a valuable tool for sustainable and environmentally friendly pest management in rice cultivation. This integration aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainable and regenerative agriculture, offering a pathway towards a more balanced and resilient agricultural landscape.

Keywords: Sweet alyssum, Biological control, Insectary plants, Companion plants, Natural enemies, Floral nectar.

Pokeweed belongs to the Phytolaccaceae family and has been traditionally cultivated as an ornamental plant. However, field-cultivated pokeweed in non-native regions can negatively affect the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to develop pokeweed callus induction protocols and optimize some phytochemicals in calli. Pokeweed leaf explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and two auxins:
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). After culture for four weeks, calli were extracted to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity. TPC in treatments of 1mg/L BAP with 0.5mg/L IBA, and 3mg/L BAP with 1mg/L IBA were significantly highest, while TFC and DPPH scavenging activity from the BAP treatment without auxins provided the highest contents (P<0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficients confirmed the relationship between TFC and DPPH, which demonstrated the antioxidant activity of the flavonoid compounds. The surface plots showed that the application of NAA or IBA at higher concentrations reduced flavonoid content and DPPH activity, while the optimal responses were obtained when individual BAP was applied. For the response of TFC, the flavonoid contents increased with BAP concentration, and the optimal content (3.16-3.19µg QE/g DW) was obtained at 3mg/L BAP. The optimal DPPH response (3.43-3.45µg Trolox/mg DW) was observed at 1.98-2.07mg/L BAP. The findings of this study can be applied to produce pokeweed calli and predict plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations for high flavonoid content and antioxidant activity, which could be further studied on the bioactive properties of pokeweed callus extracts.

Keywords: Antioxidants, Micropropagation, Phytochemicals, Response surface methodology.

Climate change affects leguminous crop production in Kazakhstan through drought or cold. The Bulk forecasting Arima model was used for the analysis, and we explored the likely impact of climate change on leguminous crop production in Kazakhstan. A base case and three climate change scenarios from 2030 to 2100 were created, and climate data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and KazHydromet were used. In particular, special attention should be given to the impact of climate change on crop and land decreases, grain quantity and quality reduction. The results show that decreased rainfall and increased temperatures or frost damage the yield of leguminous crops. Different regions have various climates, and climate change will have a positive effect on crop yields in the North and Southeast Regions and will allow farmers to cultivate economically efficient production. The area of cultivated land is expected to decrease (60%) in the southern and northwestern regions of large-scale farms. Farmers adapt to climate change by using hybrid seeds and new irrigation technologies. Frost days will impact the yield of small-scale farms. Leguminous crops are important export crops, and, in some regions, climate change will impact agricultural productivity and food security in Kazakhstan.

Keywords: Leguminous crop production; Climate change; Modeling scenarios, Adaptation, Food security.

Feed companies need a strategy to retain their customers, gain loyalty, and maintain profits. One of the strategies that the company can implement is to pay attention to relationship marketing. The implementation of relationship marketing can help companies attract and retain customers, which then has the potential to generate customer loyalty. This study aims to analyze the effect of relationship marketing on customer loyalty through customer retention among layer-feed customers in South Sulawesi. The samples for this study were 150 respondents of layer feed customers, and the analytical tool used was partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The developed model comprises 21 variables categorized into three constructs: relationship marketing, customer loyalty, and customer retention. The findings underscore the significance of relationship marketing, as it has an effect on customer retention and necessitates consistent attention from the company. The interplay between relationship marketing and customer retention fosters commitment, trust, communication, and reciprocal relationships between companies and customers. The establishment of trust emerges as a pivotal factor leading to customer retention, playing a crucial role in sustaining enduring relationships between companies and customers. Consequently, this engenders customer loyalty, as customers experience a sense of reassurance regarding the quality of services provided by the company. If feed companies implement relationship marketing strategies well, they can attract and retain customers, which in turn can increase customer loyalty and maintain company profits.

Keywords: Relationship marketing; Customer loyalty; Customer retention; Layer feed.

Climate change’s impact on agriculture seriously threatens mankind because of antecedent food insecurity. In developing countries such as Nigeria, food prices and other commodities are currently high as farmers fail to produce, store, process, and distribute enough food due to erratic rainfall, temperature fluctuations, gully erosions, and herders-farmers conflicts, among others. Therefore, there is an urgent need for all the stakeholders, especially the mass media, to join in mitigating the impact by reporting accurately to hold the government and general public accountable for their actions, including promoting adoption strategies the farmers should consider. Hence, this study was conducted across six of Nigeria’s geopolitical zones with a focus on media practitioners and rural farmers. Also, three research hypotheses were formulated from the study’s four research objectives. During the survey, 768 respondents, comprising 384 media practitioners and 384 farmers, were selected using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) sample size table. Purposive and convenience sampling methods were used in selecting and administering questionnaires through social media, phone calls, and face-to-face. The findings showed that mass media practitioners and farmers have considerable knowledge of climate change. It was also found that farmers were applying most of the adoption strategies being reported by the media. The study suggested increased media and farmers’ relationships towards mitigating climate change impact generally.

Keywords: Climate Change; Media Practitioners; Knowledge; Rural Farmers; Adoption; Nigeria.

This study aims to determine the diversity of quantitative traits of Sikumbang Jonti (SJ) and Peking (PK) ducks at 24 weeks that are intensively reared. This study used 91 birds including, 59PK ducks, and 32 SJ ducks. The ducks were intensively reared at UPT Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University. This study used the observation method by calculating the mean+SD, and coefficient of variation. Data were analyzed using the t-test to see the effect of sex and duck breed. The variables observed in this study were body weight (BW), chest circumference (CC), beak length (BL), wing bone length (WBL), shank length (SL), shank circumference (SC), femur length (FL), and tibia length (TL). The results showed that sex had a significant effect (P<0.01) on BW and CC in PK ducks and BL in SJ ducks. Duck breed had a significant effect (P<0.01) on BW, CC, BL, SC, and WBL but a significant effect (P<0.05) on TL. Coefficient of variation (CV) in PK ducks was moderate (>5-15%). The mean of CV in SJ ducks was moderate except in BW, WBL, and TL in female SJ ducks which had relatively high variability (>5%). The conclusion of this study is that sex and duck breed affect the quantitative characteristics of duck and the CV of Peking ducks and Sikumbang Jonti ducks is moderate to high. In addition, in Indonesia there are also many farmers who cultivate Peking (PK) ducks. PK ducks have fast growth. Peking ducks can be used as meat-type and egg-laying ducks. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the quantitative traits of PK livestock to see the comparison with SJ ducks. The data obtained can be used as a basis for measuring the potential of SJ ducks as meat-type ducks as well as strategies for developing and preserving SJ ducks as local ducks of West Sumatra.

Keywords: Peking Duck, Sikumbang Jonti Duck, Coefficient of Variation, Quantitative.