International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences

The present global trend is finding potent probiotics in addition to animal feed. This study aimed to investigate the ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Thai silver BARB fish (Barbonymus gonionotus) as potential probiotics for use in animal feed. Isolated strains were screened based on their resistance to lysozyme, and 10 selected strains showed higher activity than others. Those strains were identified using biochemical characteristics and the sequencing of 16S rDNA. Identification revealed that those isolates are belong to: Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lactoplantibacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The 10 isolates were subjected to the probiotic tests, including (antimicrobial activity, antibiotic susceptibility, acid and bile salt tolerance, and hydrophobicity) to determine which isolate had the most potent probiotic effect. As a result, L. rhamnosus KKU-D89 isolate exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli, high tolerance against acid and bile salt conditions, and an interesting hydrophobicity percentage. L. rhamnosus KKU-D89, as a probiotic potent was selected for encapsulation by glutinous rice flour mixed with inulin (GRF-inulin) using the freeze-drying technique. Microcapsules used to prepare probiotic feed pellets are named (microencapsulated-pro KKU-D89 pellets). Another feed pellets prepared from an uncoated isolate named are (uncoated-pro KKU-D89 pellets). Especially, microencapsulated-pro KKU-D89 pellets showed excellent encapsulation efficiency (100%), high stability efficiency (96.9%), and cell viability ranging from log 11.7-12.8 CFU/g compared with uncoated pellets. Additionally, microencapsulated-pro KKU-D89 pellets revealed releasing high viable cells (log 10.7 CFU/mL) in gastric juice pH 2.0 and (log 12.3 CFU/mL) in intestinal juice pH 7.2. This microcapsule pellets showed interesting free radicals scavenging activity against both DPPH and ABTS inhibition assays with 54.3 and 43.2%, respectively. In conclusion, the microencapsulated-pro L. rhamnosus KKU-D89 pellets using GRF-inulin have the potential to develop as a novel feed formulation by enabling viable probiotic bacteria to reach the large intestine through feeding.

Keywords: GRF-inulin capsules, Probiotic additive, Animal feeding, In vitro release, In vitro antioxidant.

Southeast Asia boasts a rich variety of food, mainly featuring fishery and fermented products. This region is home to a wide range of indigenous foods, each unique to its own country. Most of these culinary offerings consist of meat and seafood. Various food items subjected to testing were found to contain a spectrum of biogenic amine compounds such as tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermine, spermidine, and tyramine, with histamine being the most frequently analyzed. Most food samples tested complied with the maximum biogenic amine content standards. Biogenic amines (BA) are organic compounds with one or more amine functional groups (-NH2) formed during microbial fermentation. Consuming foods high in BA is linked to adverse health effects like migraines, high blood pressure, and tachycardia. BA toxicity can occur at levels much lower than the regulatory and suggested toxic doses, influenced by an individual’s sensitivity, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. Although BA are found in many fermented foods, food safety and public health professionals often lack awareness of the potential health risks and control strategies. This review examines the presence of BA in Southeast Asian foods, identifies contributing factors and formation mechanisms, and explores potential strategies for reducing their levels.

Keywords: Biogenic amine, Food safety, Indigenous food, Southeast Asia.

Induction of in vitro polyploidy was carried out for plant breeding and development of local taro known as talas bite taro, (Colocasia esculenta) which is endemic to Toraja, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia, and is a neglected and underutilized crop but can be an alternative food source. This study aims to determine an efficient polyploidy induction method using in vitro trials on combinations of colchicine concentration and soaking time. The experiment was set using a completely randomized design (CRD), with colchicine and soaking time as treatments. Polyploidy of talas bite taro was induced by soaking the young shoots in 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20% colchicine solutions with soaking time of 1-, 2-, and 3-days. Results showed that colchicine induction did not show significant differences in shoot emergence, and leaf emergence. However, there was a tendency to decrease in shoot and leaf emergence observed in plantlets treated with higher colchicine, indicating that some of the effects are prevalent. At a concentration of 0.20% and soaking time for 1- and 2 days the mortality rate was at LC50, producing mixoploid plantlets with morphological character and cytological analysis showing proof that the cells were mixoploid Type 2 (2n=2x, 4n=4x), signifying changes in the polyploidy level of the cells.

Keywords: Colchicine, In vitro, Polyploidy, Talas bite, Toraja local taro.

Fermented green juice (FGJ) has established its efficiency as a silage additive; its addition to alfalfa and timothy resulted in good fermentation-quality silage. Therefore, the fermentation quality of corn silage treated with FGJ was evaluated in a laboratory-scale experiment. Whole plant corn at the dough stage was harvested and treated with FGJ prepared from corn, alfalfa, or timothy. Comparing the fermentation characteristics of the three FGJs, the epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) predominantly grew in all FGJs, and its level reached 107 cfu/g in timothy and corn FGJs. While alfalfa FGJ contained the highest number of LAB 5.8×108 cfu/g. The highest lactic acid content was found in alfalfa FGJ, which subsequently resulted in the highest total acid content. However, alfalfa FGJ recorded the highest pH value, and this may be ascribed to the high buffering capacity of alfalfa. Aerobic bacteria and mold levels were decreased after 2 days of fermentation in all FGJs. On the contrary, yeast tended to increase in corn and alfalfa FGJs while it decreased only in timothy FGJ. Both control and FGJ-treated silages were well-preserved silages. The pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content did not increase more than 3.79 and 4.9% TN, respectively. Corn FGJ-treated silage has a lower pH value, lower NH3-N/TN, and higher Flieg’s point and V-score than the control silage. Both molds and enterobacterial growth were depressed in all silages. Corn and alfalfa FGJs treated silages had lower aerobic bacterial count than the control. While the lowest level of yeast was detected in timothy FGJ-treated silage. In conclusion, data obtained in this trial suggested that adding FCJ to properly ensiled corn may be of questionable value.

Keywords: Corn silage, Fermentation, Fermented green juice, Nutrition, Timothy silage

This study used a factorial Complete Randomized Design (RAL) consisting of factor A (phosphorus level) and factor B (addition of Rhizobium inoculation). The research treatment was as follows: Factor A=phosphorus level, P0: control phosphorus level or 0kg, P1: phosphorus level 0.25g SP36/polybag, P2: phosphorus level 1g SP36/polybag. While factor B=addition of Rhizobium inoculation, I0: without addition of Rhizobium, I1: addition of Rhizobium 2.5 gr/polybag. The parameters observed were plant height growth, fresh matter and dry production, number and weight of pods, number and weight of pods and seeds, quality of crude protein content and crude fiber content. The results of this study showed that the application of phosphorus and Rhizobium fertilizers had no real effect (P>0.05) on plant height, and no real effect on dry matter production, number, and weight of pods, and not the nutritional quality of crude fiber and crude protein, but a real effect (P<0.05) on the root nodules, fresh matter and the number and weight of seeds. There is an interaction between the application of phosphorus fertilizer and the addition of Rhizobium bacteria on the parameters of the root nodules, pod weight, number of seeds, crude protein content and crude fiber. The best treatment combination among several treatments is the combination of P2I1 with a fertilization dose of 1g/polybag with the addition of 2.5g Rhizobium inoculation.

Keywords: Peanuts; Phosphorus; Rhizobium; Root nodules.

A diverse array of spider species inhabits agroecosystems and wild mountainsides, where beekeeping boxes are temporarily installed for natural feeding. Over the past decade, the wax moths Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella have become widespread pests in bee colonies within Armenian agrosystems and have also caused damage to stored honeybee combs. Spiders, as predators, employ various strategies to eliminate pests in nature and beekeeping boxes, acting as effective biological control agents. This study aimed to evaluate the functional responses of several Aranea species to these pests, providing viable options for biological control technologies without pesticide use. In this research, eleven spider species were tested, and different functional responses were observed against wax moth larvae and adults. The findings highlighted that Steatoda paykulliana was the most significant natural enemy and Thanatus pictus was the least effective predator. In addition, intraspecific interference among the eleven spider species demonstrated that increased spider density led to a decreased predation ratio. The results further signified a positive correlation between predator density and the intensity of scrambling competition.

Keywords: Araneae, Biocontrol, Functional response, Pyralidae.

The extraction of chlorophyll from Caulerpa racemosa using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) composed of glucose and glycerol offers a sustainable alternative to conventional solvents. This study investigates the efficiency of chlorophyll extraction using different molar ratios of glucose to glycerol NADES (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). Fresh samples of C. racemosa were collected, cleaned, dried, and ground into a fine powder. The NADES mixtures were prepared by heating and stirring glucose, glycerol, and water until a clear, homogeneous liquid formed. Chlorophyll extraction was performed using a shaker incubator, followed by filtration and centrifugation to obtain a clear supernatant. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) was employed to analyze the functional groups in the extracted chlorophyll. The FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of key functional groups associated with chlorophyll molecules, such as O-H, C-H, and C=O, validating the extraction process. The results demonstrated that the glucose-glycerol NADES mixtures were effective in extracting chlorophyll from C. racemosa, with the 1:2 ratio showing the highest efficiency. It was concluded that use of NADES presents several advantages, including environmental friendliness, non-toxicity, and biodegradability, making it a promising method for large-scale chlorophyll extraction for applications in pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. Future research could focus on optimizing NADES compositions and exploring their potential for extracting other bioactive compounds.

Keywords: Caulerpa racemosa, Chlorophyll, FTIR, NADES, Natural extraction.

This study was designed to evaluate metabolic profile test during different reproductive stages in goats. From each goat, 5 jugular blood samples were collected on EDTA and plain tubes. The 1st sample (T0) was collected before synchronization and the 2nd (T1) was collected during the first trimester of pregnancy. The 3rd (T2) and 4th (T3) samples were collected during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The 5th (T4) sample was collected after 10 days of parturition. Compared to values at T0, total leukocytic count and lymphocytes at T1, T2, and T3 and also at T4 were significantly higher. However, neutrophil count was lower at T1, T2 and T4 and higher at T3 versus T0. The hemoglobin concentration was significantly higher at T1-T4 compared to T0. Globulin concentration decreased significantly at T2 and T3 versus T0. Concerning the activity of alkaline phosphatase, there was a highly significant increase in all periods of sampling (T1-T4) compared to T0. However, alanine aminotransferase activity increased only significantly at T1 and T4 compared to T0. The serum concentration of total bilirubin increased significantly at T2, T3 and T4 compared to T0 and T1. Hyperglycemia was observed at T1 and T2 compared to T0. Sodium and potassium increased significantly during T1-T4 time-points compared to T0. In conclusion, several hematological and biochemical metabolites change markedly in the goats at different reproductive stages. These fluctuations are physiological as a result of pregnancy and lactation. We recommend establishing a reference for hematobiochemical parameters in goats during each reproductive stage.

Keywords: Goat, Metabolic profile test, Physiology, Pregnancy, Reproduction.

Broiler product quality has become essential in marketing strategies in the global scientific research landscape. This research aims to explore the latest findings in scientific research on the quality of broiler chicken products and analyze their implications for marketing performance. The bibliometric analysis method was applied in this research using the Scopus database as a data source, focusing on the keywords “broiler” and “marketing” in the article title. This approach allowed the identification of 19 relevant documents, which were then analyzed comprehensively. Key findings from the analysis show increasing research interest in the marketing of broiler products over time, underscoring the importance of marketing strategies in the industry. Understanding the factors influencing product quality and marketing performance is essential in marketing. The implication for marketing performance is that a better understanding of the factors influencing product quality, such as heat stress management, industry regulations, feed management, and nutritional supplementation, can help manufacturers develop more effective marketing strategies. In addition, these findings also highlight the importance of further research that focuses on the role of retailers in the broiler product supply chain. This can improve understanding of distribution strategies and consumer perceptions, significantly contributing to the development of the broiler industry in a dynamic market.

Keywords: Broiler; Marketing; Stress management; Industry regulation; Retailer.

Modern and digital technology is becoming increasingly important to facilitate teaching in our universities and colleges. The smartphone represents a considerable advantage for photography and image transfer. Given its accessibility and the relative scarcity of teaching aids in developing countries, it could be a valuable tool for practical plant biology work. This study aims to present a methodology for producing digital photographs of anatomical sections obtained during practical work in the histology of vascular plants. It was carried out between March 2019 and November 2023. The approach consisted of pairing a smartphone with an optical microscope to photograph anatomical sections. It enabled the creation of 246 images of stems, roots, and leaves. The results showed that smartphone sensors can take detailed images on optical microscopes not connected to the computer. These images make it easier to describe the primary and secondary histological structures of plant organs with learners. Tissues present in the cortex, and central cylinder of stems and roots, both young and old, and in the leaf blade and central vein of monocotyledons and dicotyledons are better observed and commented on. While facilitating collaboration and discussion, this methodology helps illustrate and understand the lessons learned quickly. It should be disseminated to other universities in Côte d’Ivoire and other developing countries to compensate for the lack of teaching materials.

Keywords: Smartphone, Photography, Practical work, Cytology, Histology, Anatomy.

This study investigates Alligator weed’s nutritional value and potential application (Alternanthera philoxeroides) as a feed ingredient in herbivorous aquaculture. The nutrient composition of Alligator weed was analyzed, revealing a high content of crude protein (18.5g/100g), crude fiber (21.0g/100g), and essential minerals such as calcium (1,200mg/100g) and potassium (2,350mg/100g). Phytochemical analysis identified significant amounts of flavonoids (2.35g/100g) and phenolic compounds (3.80g/100g), indicating potential antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH assay, with methanol extracts showing the highest activity (79.4% inhibition at 10mg/mL). The application of Alligator weed in aquaculture feed was evaluated in several herbivorous fish species, including tilapia, grass carp, silver carp, common carp, and freshwater prawns. Optimal inclusion levels were determined to be 20%, resulting in improved growth performance, feed conversion ratios (FCR), and survival rates across all species. The findings suggest that Alligator weed is a promising, sustainable feed ingredient that can enhance the health and productivity of herbivorous aquaculture species. Further research on long-term effects and commercial viability is recommended to fully harness its benefits.

Keywords: Alligator weed, Antioxidant, Aquaculture feed, Herbivorous fish, Nutritional value.

This qualitative research study examines the supply chain of commercial grasshopper farming in Thailand. It focuses on the upstream to downstream, with 30 farm representatives throughout Thailand participating in interviews and observations. The results for the upstream reveal that the farmers use a variety of rearing cages and housing designs, while the rearing process includes breed selection, egg incubation, food and care, a breeding site, and harvesting for which essential materials and equipment are required. In the midstream, the grasshopper farmers carry out product aggregation, distribution, and transportation, with intermediary traders playing a significant role. The downstream involves local and non-local buyers, with farmers diversifying their sales channels through group networks, community markets, street vendors, and various online channels. The application of blockchain technology in the farm products supply chain has the potential to increase inspection efficiency and consumer confidence but within certain limitations. The issues to be addressed include data collection between farmers and consumers, information standards, digital literacy, and writing. Collaboration between public and private sector stakeholders is essential to achieve sustainable production, ensure food safety standards, and raise consumer awareness.

Keywords: Commercial grasshopper farming, Supply chain, Blockchain technology, Edible insects, Thailand.

The present research aims to elucidate the interaction between the influence of Probiotic inclusion in drinking water and Lamtoro leaf meal (LLM) as an additional dietary fiber, which may act as a prebiotic. The research used 200 one-day-old chickens with a mean body weight of 25.8±1.36 g/head. Based on a completely randomized design, the chickens were divided into 5 treatment groups (P0-negative control; P1- P1-positive control; P2- 0.3% Probiotic; P3- 0.6% Probiotic; P4- 0.9% Probiotic) 4 replications with 5 chicks. Performances (body weight gain, feed intake, crude protein and fiber intakes), gross-morphometric indices of small intestine and histo-morphometric indices of ileum were measured. Along the experiment, there is no different response between the group fed basal diet (P0) and the group fed additional 3% LLM (P1). Along the 1st five weeks, the intakes of diet, crude protein and crude fiber were not significantly different among the five treatment groups. Along the 2nd five weeks, probiotic inclusion increased feed intake significantly. In line, probiotic inclusion significantly increased both the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber. Calculated FCR along the 1st and 2nd five weeks were significantly improved with increasing the level of probiotic inclusion. Moreover, probiotic inclusion also affected significantly to increase gross and histo-morphometric indices of the Ileum. In conclusion, the current research suggests that probiotic inclusion in drinking water and addition of 3% LLM as additional fiber resulted in a beneficial synergistic impact on significant improving the performance of Kampung chicken and absorption processes in small intestine.

Keywords: Kampung chicken, Probiotic, Lamtoro leaf meal, Performance, Small intestinal morphometry.

The article covers 18 years of research on breeding and technology development for the cultivation of safflower varieties, as well as an analysis of crop productivity in the Lower Volga region in the zone of chestnut soils of the Volga Left Bank, Russia. The analysis of data on the natural and climatic conditions of safflower cultivation and its yield enabled us to achieve the study’s goal: determine the role of factors influencing crop seed yield in an arid climate. The study of the relationship between seed yield and weather conditions made it possible to divide the yield into favorable and unfavorable years according to natural and climatic conditions. During the period under study, there are periods in the data sample when natural and climatic conditions were favorable for the development of culture: 2012, 2019, 2020: GTK = 1.1, 1.65; 1.13; however, the yield of safflower is low: 0.48, 0.7, and 0.6t/ha, respectively. Also, during the studied period, there were years with unfavorable natural and climatic conditions: 2021, 2022, and 2023, but the seed yield was quite high: 1.05, 0.92, and 0.88t/ha, respectively. We examined the meteorological conditions in the years corresponding to the safflower plant development periods in detail to clarify the reasons for the results. A detailed analysis made it possible to determine natural phenomena that positively and negatively affect the collection of safflower seeds. Data on yield, air temperature, and precipitation were subjected to analysis of variance, as a result of which it was determined that the study results are reliable with high probability and significant (P<0.005) in the formation of safflower seed yield.

Keywords: Aridization of territories; Oilseeds; Safflower; Precipitation; Air temperature.

Rice, a staple food for a significant portion of the global population, faces substantial yield losses due to insect pests. These losses, estimated to be between 25 to 50%, pose a serious threat to food security, particularly in developing countries. Insectary plants play a crucial role in conservation biological control programs by providing essential resources such as shelter, food, and oviposition sites for beneficial insects. These resources are particularly important for omnivorous predators, which require both prey and plant materials for their survival and reproduction. Sweet Alyssum (Lobularia maritima), a flowering plant known for attracting beneficial insects, can potentially enhance biological control in rice agroecosystems. By attracting and providing resources for these natural enemies of pests, Sweet Alyssum can contribute to regulating pest populations and reducing the need for chemical pesticides. The mechanisms through which Sweet Alyssum enhances the presence of beneficial insects include the emission of floral volatiles, which act as attractants, and the production of nectar, which serves as a food source for adult insects. Incorporating Sweet Alyssum into integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, such as implementing flower strips, intercropping, or border cropping, can significantly enhance the diversity and abundance of parasitoids and predators in agroecosystems. This, in turn, substantially impacts pest control efficacy, highlighting the potential of Sweet Alyssum as a valuable tool for sustainable and environmentally friendly pest management in rice cultivation. This integration aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainable and regenerative agriculture, offering a pathway towards a more balanced and resilient agricultural landscape.

Keywords: Sweet alyssum, Biological control, Insectary plants, Companion plants, Natural enemies, Floral nectar.

Pokeweed belongs to the Phytolaccaceae family and has been traditionally cultivated as an ornamental plant. However, field-cultivated pokeweed in non-native regions can negatively affect the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to develop pokeweed callus induction protocols and optimize some phytochemicals in calli. Pokeweed leaf explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and two auxins:
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). After culture for four weeks, calli were extracted to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity. TPC in treatments of 1mg/L BAP with 0.5mg/L IBA, and 3mg/L BAP with 1mg/L IBA were significantly highest, while TFC and DPPH scavenging activity from the BAP treatment without auxins provided the highest contents (P<0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficients confirmed the relationship between TFC and DPPH, which demonstrated the antioxidant activity of the flavonoid compounds. The surface plots showed that the application of NAA or IBA at higher concentrations reduced flavonoid content and DPPH activity, while the optimal responses were obtained when individual BAP was applied. For the response of TFC, the flavonoid contents increased with BAP concentration, and the optimal content (3.16-3.19µg QE/g DW) was obtained at 3mg/L BAP. The optimal DPPH response (3.43-3.45µg Trolox/mg DW) was observed at 1.98-2.07mg/L BAP. The findings of this study can be applied to produce pokeweed calli and predict plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations for high flavonoid content and antioxidant activity, which could be further studied on the bioactive properties of pokeweed callus extracts.

Keywords: Antioxidants, Micropropagation, Phytochemicals, Response surface methodology.

Climate change affects leguminous crop production in Kazakhstan through drought or cold. The Bulk forecasting Arima model was used for the analysis, and we explored the likely impact of climate change on leguminous crop production in Kazakhstan. A base case and three climate change scenarios from 2030 to 2100 were created, and climate data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and KazHydromet were used. In particular, special attention should be given to the impact of climate change on crop and land decreases, grain quantity and quality reduction. The results show that decreased rainfall and increased temperatures or frost damage the yield of leguminous crops. Different regions have various climates, and climate change will have a positive effect on crop yields in the North and Southeast Regions and will allow farmers to cultivate economically efficient production. The area of cultivated land is expected to decrease (60%) in the southern and northwestern regions of large-scale farms. Farmers adapt to climate change by using hybrid seeds and new irrigation technologies. Frost days will impact the yield of small-scale farms. Leguminous crops are important export crops, and, in some regions, climate change will impact agricultural productivity and food security in Kazakhstan.

Keywords: Leguminous crop production; Climate change; Modeling scenarios, Adaptation, Food security.

Feed companies need a strategy to retain their customers, gain loyalty, and maintain profits. One of the strategies that the company can implement is to pay attention to relationship marketing. The implementation of relationship marketing can help companies attract and retain customers, which then has the potential to generate customer loyalty. This study aims to analyze the effect of relationship marketing on customer loyalty through customer retention among layer-feed customers in South Sulawesi. The samples for this study were 150 respondents of layer feed customers, and the analytical tool used was partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The developed model comprises 21 variables categorized into three constructs: relationship marketing, customer loyalty, and customer retention. The findings underscore the significance of relationship marketing, as it has an effect on customer retention and necessitates consistent attention from the company. The interplay between relationship marketing and customer retention fosters commitment, trust, communication, and reciprocal relationships between companies and customers. The establishment of trust emerges as a pivotal factor leading to customer retention, playing a crucial role in sustaining enduring relationships between companies and customers. Consequently, this engenders customer loyalty, as customers experience a sense of reassurance regarding the quality of services provided by the company. If feed companies implement relationship marketing strategies well, they can attract and retain customers, which in turn can increase customer loyalty and maintain company profits.

Keywords: Relationship marketing; Customer loyalty; Customer retention; Layer feed.

Climate change’s impact on agriculture seriously threatens mankind because of antecedent food insecurity. In developing countries such as Nigeria, food prices and other commodities are currently high as farmers fail to produce, store, process, and distribute enough food due to erratic rainfall, temperature fluctuations, gully erosions, and herders-farmers conflicts, among others. Therefore, there is an urgent need for all the stakeholders, especially the mass media, to join in mitigating the impact by reporting accurately to hold the government and general public accountable for their actions, including promoting adoption strategies the farmers should consider. Hence, this study was conducted across six of Nigeria’s geopolitical zones with a focus on media practitioners and rural farmers. Also, three research hypotheses were formulated from the study’s four research objectives. During the survey, 768 respondents, comprising 384 media practitioners and 384 farmers, were selected using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) sample size table. Purposive and convenience sampling methods were used in selecting and administering questionnaires through social media, phone calls, and face-to-face. The findings showed that mass media practitioners and farmers have considerable knowledge of climate change. It was also found that farmers were applying most of the adoption strategies being reported by the media. The study suggested increased media and farmers’ relationships towards mitigating climate change impact generally.

Keywords: Climate Change; Media Practitioners; Knowledge; Rural Farmers; Adoption; Nigeria.

This study aims to determine the diversity of quantitative traits of Sikumbang Jonti (SJ) and Peking (PK) ducks at 24 weeks that are intensively reared. This study used 91 birds including, 59PK ducks, and 32 SJ ducks. The ducks were intensively reared at UPT Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University. This study used the observation method by calculating the mean+SD, and coefficient of variation. Data were analyzed using the t-test to see the effect of sex and duck breed. The variables observed in this study were body weight (BW), chest circumference (CC), beak length (BL), wing bone length (WBL), shank length (SL), shank circumference (SC), femur length (FL), and tibia length (TL). The results showed that sex had a significant effect (P<0.01) on BW and CC in PK ducks and BL in SJ ducks. Duck breed had a significant effect (P<0.01) on BW, CC, BL, SC, and WBL but a significant effect (P<0.05) on TL. Coefficient of variation (CV) in PK ducks was moderate (>5-15%). The mean of CV in SJ ducks was moderate except in BW, WBL, and TL in female SJ ducks which had relatively high variability (>5%). The conclusion of this study is that sex and duck breed affect the quantitative characteristics of duck and the CV of Peking ducks and Sikumbang Jonti ducks is moderate to high. In addition, in Indonesia there are also many farmers who cultivate Peking (PK) ducks. PK ducks have fast growth. Peking ducks can be used as meat-type and egg-laying ducks. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the quantitative traits of PK livestock to see the comparison with SJ ducks. The data obtained can be used as a basis for measuring the potential of SJ ducks as meat-type ducks as well as strategies for developing and preserving SJ ducks as local ducks of West Sumatra.

Keywords: Peking Duck, Sikumbang Jonti Duck, Coefficient of Variation, Quantitative.

In the last two years, Peruvian coffee production has been affected by the high cost of fertilizers. In the Selva Central region, 25% of coffee plantations are organic. To explore new technologies, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of humic acids and biofertilizers on the yield and sensory quality of two coffee varieties: Castillo and Catuaí. The study used an AxB factorial design with 10 repetitions, resulting in 8 treatments. All treatments received lime (200g dolomite/plant) and organic soil fertilization (120N-80P2O5-150K2O kg/ha) using Isla guano and potassium sulfate. The variables evaluated were nodes/plant, number of cherry trees/node, cherry tree yield/plant, dry parchment coffee yield (qq/ha), yield percentage, and sensory quality. The results showed that humic acids positively influenced all evaluated variables in both varieties, with the Castillo variety performing better. Castillo had 12.78 nodes/branch, 20.56 fruits/node, 3.2kg cherry/plant, 53.38qq dry parchment/ha, and 76.13% yield. Catuaí had similar responses, with 9.00 nodes/branch, 14.33 fruits/node, 2.1kg cherry/plant, 35.07qq dry parchment/ha, and 76.93% yield. Trichoderma positively influenced the weight of 100 cherry trees and yield percentage in both varieties. Sensory quality scores ranged from 81 to 84 points, with the highest scores for Castillo (83.67) and Catuaí (83.58) when treated with humic acids. The lowest values in both yield and sensory quality were obtained without biofertilizer. In conclusion, organic fertilization complemented with humic acids is a promising technology for improving coffee production and quality in organic plantations.

Keywords: Organic coffee; Fertilizers; Humic acids, Biofertilizers, Quality.

Shrimp is an export commodity that has great potential in regional and international markets due to increasing demand every year. It is supported by the promotion of intensive and super-intensive cultivation; however, this method could be more efficient. Both can trigger stressful conditions and reduce water quality. The main problems in shrimp cultivation are low feed efficiency, decreased water quality, and vibriosis outbreaks. The proposed solution to this problem is to use anti-vibrio activity probiotics. This study aimed to determine the anti-vibrio activity of Bacillus spp. bacteria isolated from shrimp. Total of six Bacillus spp. strains isolated from the intestines of Jerbung shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (De Man, 1888) tested for anti-vibrio activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio alginolyticus using the Kirby Bauer agar diffusion method. The research results showed that the Bacillus strains identified included Bacillus subtilis strain JR1 [RL.20], Bacillus cereus strain EGU510 [UM 16.1], Bacillus pseudomycoides strain LU2 [GS 14.1], Bacillus cereus strain 24 [GS 14.2], Bacillus pseudomycoides strain LU2 [GS 14.3], and Bacillus sp. strain Z96 [RS 19.1]. All strains of Bacillus spp. effectively inhibit pathogenic Vibrio bacteria, including six, four and two strains, producing anti-Vibrio parahaemolyticus, anti-Vibrio harveyi and anti-Vibrio alginolyticus activity, respectively. In conclusion, several strains of Bacillus spp. very effective in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio alginolyticus.

Keywords: Anti-Vibrio Activity, Bacillus spp, Probiotic Bacteria, Vibriosis.

Sunn hemp and biostimulants have been used for animal feed corn production in large fields. The sunn hemp crop is grown initially on rotation and the biostimulant is applied to the sunn hemp and corn plantation. In the current study, the field was divided into 4 experimental designs (No. 1–No. 4) with 5 data collection periods. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil in each test plot were determined. The results showed that the soil with the highest organic matter was in field No.1 (1.23%) during corn growing and in field No. 2 (1.34%) during corn growing with biostimulant application at corn age 3 weeks. In addition, the soil in field No.2 had the highest total N (0.62 g.kg-1) and the highest bacterial colonization (1.27107 CFU). The seed germination test showed that the biostimulant significantly increased the root length (from 1.6 to 9.1cm) and shoot length (from 2.9 to 5.2cm) of the corn seed after soaking for 17 h compared to the unsoaked seed. Corn physiology in fields No.1 and 2 had the significantly highest corn ear insertion height (71.6–73.9cm) compared to that in field No. 4 (51.1cm). In conclusion, sunn hemp performed well as a green manure and a source of organic matter. Furthermore, the biostimulant effectively increased the fertility of the soil by increasing total N and the corn ear insertion height during corn production. The cost-effectiveness was discussed of using sunn hemp with a biostimulant to improve the corn yield.

Keywords: Sunn hemp, Biostimulant, Animal feed corn, Soil property.

The study of the highly heritable human fingerprint patterns has been applied in personal identification, crime detection, disease diagnosis and analysis of population characteristics. Results of several studies on the mode of inheritance and the number of loci involved in fingerprint determination have been discordant. In this study, fingerprint patterns and foot patterns were obtained from a total of 127 individuals from the Yoruba, Igbo and Ibibio ethnic populations of Nigeria. Frequency of occurrence, patterns of segregation and linkage analysis on fingerprint patterns and foot types were analyzed within the ethnic groups and combined groups. The study showed the ulna loop to be the most prevalent print pattern type while accidental whorl was least observed among the ethnic groups evaluated. The traits were linked in 4 groups in the Yoruba ethnic group, 4 linkage groups in the Igbo ethnic group and 3 linkage groups in Ibibio. The linkage map for fingerprints pattern and foot types revealed 4 linkage groups when data from all ethnic groups were pooled together, the largest spanning 323.9 cM. Segregation of most of the print pattern evaluation showed segregation of the traits mainly in a 1:1 and 1:3 expected ratios at 5% level of significance. This information provides an insight into the genetics of fingerprint patterns and foot types in these ethnic groups, a precursor to understanding the forensics and genetic structure of the Nigerian populations based on the studied traits.

Keywords: Forensic, Dermatoglyphics, Ridge count, Accidental whorl, Arch, Inheritance pattern.

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is the most common malignancy in dogs. This is a rare case report described in the literature of extragenital transmissible venereal tumors. A 5-year-old male crossbred dog was brought to Kasetsart Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kamphaeng Saen, presenting with subacute progression post-paresis within five days. A cauliflower-like mass with bloody discharge was found on the penis. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an intradural-extramedullary mass on the right side of the T10-11 area. A right hemilaminectomy of T10-T11 and durotomy were performed to excise the abnormal mass. The biopsy result revealed a round cell tumor suggestive of a transmissible venereal tumor. After the operation for 84 days, the dog entirely recovered without recurrent signs. We provide practical information on the diagnosis and clinical management of canine spinal cord TVTs in a dog.

Keywords: Dog, Spinal cord tumor, Transmissible venereal tumor.

The study aimed to monitor the various watercourses affected by similar technogenic impacts and select controlled hydrochemical parameters. Sampling and testing were performed in accordance with GOST 31861-2012 standards, with a focus on wastewater from a coal mine and natural water from receiving water bodies. However, we observed significant seasonal variations in water quality, with certain pollutants like manganese, sulfates, and suspended solids surpassing the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in both spring and fall. The study also revealed that pollutants could accumulate in the bottom layers of water bodies and resurface during different periods, potentially leading to seasonal increases in pollution levels. The findings indicate that the wastewater treatment at the coal mining site generally meets regulatory standards. However, observed the significant seasonal variations in water quality, with certain pollutants like manganese, sulfates, and suspended solids surpassing the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in both spring and fall. The study also revealed that pollutants could accumulate in the bottom layers of water bodies and resurface during different periods, potentially leading to seasonal increases in pollution levels. It is important to consider the cumulative effect of pollutants in the bottom layers, which can resurface during different periods. Data on pollutants in sediments can help predict pollution increases in different seasons. Additionally, the monitoring network should include sampling points above the anthropogenic object to account for upstream pollution from industrial, municipal, and agricultural sources.

Keywords: Water bodies; Pollution; Anthropogenic factor; Monitoring; Monitoring program.

One of the indicators of sustainable development of regions is the forest cover of territories, which tends to decrease in recent decades. Increasing forest cover in low-forested regions is possible through agroforestry to conserve and rationalize natural resources, including biodiversity. Implementing agroforestry programs relies on selecting tree and shrub species adapted to specific growing conditions. Theoretical and practical challenges in agroforestry are significantly addressed by the dendrological collections of the Nizhnevolzhskaya Station for Selection of Tree Species (NSSDP), a branch of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology under the Russian Academy of Sciences. Established over 90 years ago, these collections comprise trees and shrubs from diverse ecological and geographical zones. As a result of extensive research conducted over several years, a conceptual framework for enriching the dendroflora of artificial plantations was developed. The study revealed that the Rosaceae family had the highest number of taxa, with a decline from 100 taxa in 1985 to 46 in 2023. Other prominent families included Buxaceae, Ephedraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Jingoaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Liliaceae, Polygonaceae, Scrophulaceae, Simarubaceae, Solanaceae. It was found that the number of species in the collections decreased to 175 (77 genera), respectively, and the number of families in the structure decreased by 31%. The share of families represented by one species increased – Tamaricaceae, Moraceae, Rhamnaceae. Adaptive capabilities, longevity and reproductive capacity of woody plants, allows predicting changes in species composition and trends in the transformation of dendrological collections. The principles for mobilizing gene pool biodiversity are outlined to facilitate the effective management of bioresource collections of trees and shrubs. Profitability of nursery production of adapted gene pool of tree species is related to the potential volumes of sale of planting material in the course of activities on creation of agroforestry plantations within the framework of forest-climatic projects on afforestation on lands of different purposes and categories. At the Nizhnevolzhskaya station for this purpose the areas for growing poplars (by 13%), pine (by 285%), oak (by 100%) with closed and open root system were increased. The availability of own mother plantations of adapted trees and shrubs is a competitive advantage and allows us to expand the range of planting material and promptly respond to the requests of customers with different needs.

Keywords: Management, collections; Biodiversity; Trees; Shrubs; Adaptation; Introduction; Mobilization; Agroforestry.

Cotton is the most significant crop grown for fiber in more than 50 countries. China has achieved the highest productivity among the main producers, which include the USA, India, Pakistan, China, and Uzbekistan. The numerous biotic and abiotic stresses have always led to an ample loss of the crop, hence, causing a significant loss in its yield. Different biotic stresses like weeds, pathogens and pests jeopardize cotton production by 82% approximately. The significant damage causing insects include stem, leaf and foliar feeders, bollworms and sap-sucking pests. Sap-sucking pests, whiteflies, jassids, viz. and aphids are very hard to control with conventional pesticide management on account of their quick adaption and resistance development to insecticides. The ASAL gene has been reported in other crops like garlic and belongs to gluten family. The gene construct was mediated through Agrobacterium and was transformed into the bud through pollen tube transformation method. The gene construct was injected with a varied concentration ranging from 1-10µL. Transgene integration and differential expression of the gene was manifested through PCR and real-time qPCR respectively. The transformation efficiency was found to be 1.36%. The transgenic plants showed significant resistance of 72% against Aleyrodidae, sucking insects. The differential expression of the gene was found to be 6.8 folds with a concentration of 5µL. The enhanced resistance can decrease the loss of crop to sucking insects, hence increasing its yield.

Keywords: Gossypium, Gene transformation, Agrobacterium, Pollen tube, Sucking insect resistance.

Efforts were invested to create sustainable agricultural systems that provide food security and preserve human health. Compared to conventional systems, this study aimed to investigate the effect of soilless agricultural systems on plant diseases and production in cucumber plants. The study collected data on these two farming styles from farms in hot areas. The environmental conditions, including the temperature and humidity, were measured. Also, the irrigation water EC and pH were measured to determine irrigation water’s suitability for plant growth. Greenhouses’ maximum temperature (45oC) and 68% humidity reflected suitable conditions for plant disease infections. Under the soilless systems, the plant diseases that appeared included downy mildew and anthracnose with medium severity (2), compared to fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode diseases were recorded among the traditional systems. The production under the soilless systems reached 89435.5ton/ha compared to 46341.6ton/ha in traditional systems. The study concluded that soilless systems decreased the costs of plant disease herbicides and maximized plant production. The study recommended the use of soilless agricultural systems to control plant diseases, especially in the areas that suffer increases in temperatures due to climate change.

Keywords: Soilless agricultural systems, Traditional systems, Plant disease, Environmental conditions, Cucumber plants, Plant production.

The crucial phase occurs at the larval stage, which often experiences mass mortality. The green water system is an aquaculture technology that offers a solution to increase larval survival and productivity. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of green water system technology in increasing larval survival and productivity. Experiments were carried out with three treatments: control without treatment, Green water using Spirulina sp. (T1), and Chlorella sp. (T2) with treatment replication units of 3 times each. The results showed that green water system cultivation technology had significant survival and final length compared to the control without treatment (p<0.05). Green water system technology effectively supports larval life by providing natural food and bioremediation mechanisms to convert organic matter in the environment so that a multi-trophic level balance occurs. This technology has a beneficial impact and has the prospect of being developed for broader applications in the future.

Keywords: Aquaculture, Biotechnology, Microalgae.

The study aimed to assess the environmental effectiveness and determine the technological principles for oil-contaminated soil reclamation using basic humate and modified humic preparations with N, Fe, and Si. The modified humic preparations were obtained via an ultrasound method, containing colloidal ultrafine particles with a high energy charge, which predetermined the high activity of humic preparations for oil-contaminated soil reclamation. Those soils were mixed with the obtained preparations and analyzed using multiple methods. Following the treatment of O-soil with humic preparation solutions, there was a significant percentage reduction in the levels of all heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu). Experimental studies showed a significant decrease in the content of petroleum products and heavy metals in the soil after treatment with humic preparations. These results suggest that humic preparations are effective for reclaiming contaminated soils. Further research is needed to optimize their composition and application. Based on the findings, the authors recommend the development of an optimized humic preparation to refine treatment strategies and advance soil reclamation technologies. These results have important implications for both the scientific community and the practical implementation of environmental protection and management strategies.

Keywords: Soil; Petroleum products; Heavy metals; Environmental assessment; Atomic absorption analysis.

The research aimed to evaluate in vitro rumen fermentability and physical properties of Bali cattle with different ratios of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC). The effect of the ratio of non-fiber carbohydrates to in vitro rumen degradable protein of the agro-industrial by-product based on ration for Bali cattle. The experiment was arranged in a 3×3 factorial completely randomized design with four replicates. The first factor was RDP level 55, 60, and 65%, respectively; the second was NFC 35, 40, and 45%. Feed was formulated based on nine combination ratios, i.e., R1=55:35, R2=55:40, R3=55:45, R4=60:35, R5=60:40, R6=60:45, R7=65:35, R865:40, R9=65:45. Parameters measured were physical properties included angle of repose, bulk density, and specific gravity, in vitro parameters were dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fiber digestibility (CFD), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and ammonia (NH3). Results showed that the formulated ratio based on RDP and NFC interaction RDP and NFC did not affect the bulk density and specific gravity. However, the RDP level significantly affected the angle of repose. In vitro tests showed no interaction between RDP and NFC on dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro crude fiber digestibility (IVCFD). However, in vitro, the interaction between RDP and NFC influenced organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). RDP and NFC levels significantly influenced IVDMD and IVOMD. The interaction of RDP and NH3 did not significantly influence NH3 concentration and total in vitro VFA, but RDP level significantly influenced total VFA; meanwhile, NFC did not influence both NH3 concentration and total VFA. The combination of 65:35 (RDP and NFC) in beef cattle ration resulted in good digestion products, VFA, and NH3 to supply protein and energy.

Keywords: Rumen degradable protein, Non-fiber carbohydrate, Agro-industrial by-products, Bali cattle.

The agricultural sector in Thailand faces significant challenges due to high summer temperatures reaching 40–43°C, which adversely affect plant growth and increase susceptibility to diseases. This study investigates the efficacy of using a Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting (PFAL) to optimize the growth conditions for Crystal Lettuce, aiming to enhance plant development and yield under controlled environments. The research focuses on determining the ideal environmental parameters within a PFAL to maximize the growth of Crystal Lettuce. Crystal Lettuce seeds were initially grown in cups filled with a perlite-vermiculite mix (3:1) and a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1400–1600µS/cm and pH of 5.5–6.2. These seedlings were exposed to white LED lights with an intensity of 17750Lux for 10 hours daily. After initial growth, the seedlings were transplanted into a nutrient solution with an EC of 1750–1830µS/cm and subjected to yellow-white LED lights. The grow room, covering 160m2, maintained a controlled temperature of 30°C, humidity at 71%, and CO2 levels between 876–942ppm. Light intensity across different planting layers ranged from 7474 to 25722Lux. Results demonstrated that Crystal Lettuce plants in the middle of the planting layer, receiving approximately 23691Lux, exhibited the most significant growth, with a plant height of 18.75cm, fresh weight of 91.50g, and canopy width of 22.00cm. In contrast, plants on the edges with lower light intensities showed reduced growth. The study concludes that controlled environmental conditions in a PFAL, particularly optimized light intensity, substantially improve the growth of Crystal Lettuce. This research supports the potential of PFAL systems to enhance agricultural productivity in regions with challenging climates.

Keywords: Crystal Lettuce, Plant Factory with Artificial Lighting (PFAL), Controlled Environment Agriculture, Hydroponics, Light Intensity Optimization.

This study was performed to investigate the variations of acid-base balance, blood gases and hematobiochemical panels in camels with intestinal obstruction. Thirteen dromedary camels with obstructions of the intestines were used, with 15 healthy controls. Bilateral enlargement of the abdomen was the most common sign in the diseased camels. Abdominal sonography revealed intestinal enlargement, and 4 of the diseased camels had peritoneal effusions. The pH value was lower, while the concentration of PCO2 was significantly higher than healthy group. The concentrations of HCO3 and TCO2 were also significantly higher versus healthy camels. However, the concentration of lactic acid was significantly lower than healthy camels. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia were the only noticeable hematological changes in diseased camels. The concentrations of the total proteins increased above the levels in healthy camels. In contrast, the serum concentration of albumin was significantly low in diseased. Significant hyperglycemia was evident compared to controls. The serum activities of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) were significantly higher in diseased versus healthy group; however, the serum activity of the enzyme γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was significantly lower. In conclusion, when compared to the picture of healthy camels, a moderate metabolic acidosis, was found in camels with intestinal obstruction. Opposite, lactate levels were significantly elevated in diseased camels. Neutrophilic leukocytosis with lymphopenia was the only noticeable hematological change. However, several blood metabolites differed including hypoalbuminemia, hyperglycemia, decreased serum activity of GGT and increased serum activities of ALP, AST and CK.

Keywords: Camel, Acid-base balance, Blood gases, Biomarkers, Intestinal obstruction.

The development of black rice requires the optimization of organic fertilizers, such as compost and liquid organic fertilizer, to support their production and seeding. In addition, the optimization of organic fertilizers also requires a systematic concept in estimating the evaluation criteria, such as multivariate analysis. Therefore, the study aims to 1) identify the criteria for practical evaluation and response patterns to compost doses and liquid organic fertilizer concentrations and 2) determine the best combination of the two treatments in supporting the growth, productivity, and seed quality of black rice. This research was designed using a split-plot design. The main plot was the dose of compost (three doses), and the subplots were liquid organic fertilizer concentrations (four concentrations) repeated three times. Based on these results, the number of tillers, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, panicle length, and yield were appropriate characters for evaluation criteria. Based on these criteria, the combination of compost doses of 6tons ha-1 and liquid organic fertilizer concentration of 60mL L-1 is the best in supporting the growth, productivity, and seeding of black rice of the Jeliteng variety. This combination is recommended for application in the production and cultivation of black rice.

Keywords: Black rice, Healthy trend, Organic farming, Oryza sativa, Seed production.

Thai fish contain microplastics (MPs), but data on fish microplastic exposure is insufficient. This study examined MP in fish from the Mun River and the level of MP exposure from fish consumption in rural and urban areas of Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Thirty-six fish samples, including the species Paralaubuca typus, Phalacronotus bleekeri, and Morulius chrysophekaion, from both rural and urban stations along the Mun River were collected. The questionnaire assessed microplastic exposure among 310 rural and urban residents along the Mun River in Ubon Ratchathani Province. The fish samples were analyzed in the College of Medicine and Public Health Laboratory at Ubon Ratchathani University. Microplastics in the samples were counted using a stereomicroscope. The analysis revealed that 73.61% of the fish from the urban station were contaminated with microplastics, with an average abundance of 26.50±4.217 particles per fish. In comparison, 26.39% of the fish from the rural station were found to have microplastics, with an average abundance of 9.50±3.51 particles per fish. The exposure to microplastics from fish consumption does not differ significantly between people living in rural and urban area. Conversely, urban residents experienced a higher level of microplastic exposure compared to their rural counterparts. Therefore, government agencies such as the municipality, the Ministry of Public Health, and the Department of Natural Resources and Environment must work cooperatively to prevent and resolve these issues. We suggest comprehensively investigating the categorization, dimensions, and hazards associated with microplastics in each category within this area.

Keywords: Microplastics, Exposure, Assessment, Fish, Consumption.

Ducks occupy a special place in increasing and expanding the production of poultry meat products. They are an important reserve for increasing the number of poultry products, including meat, feathers, and down. Ducks are highly adaptable to unstable climatic conditions, making them a promising species for breeding in West Kazakhstan. The study aimed to develop technological methods for intensifying duck meat production in the region. The chemical composition of the primary grain feeds for waterfowl was analyzed to achieve the goal. An experimental formulation for a feed mixture was derived and then used to feed three groups of birds (a control group and two experimental groups). The feed mixture showed high efficiency in increasing the live weight of ducklings. Both experimental groups surpassed the control group in this indicator. The 3rd group, where the nutritional value of the feed mixture slightly exceeded the rest, showed the most significant increase in absolute live weight. The developed feeding technique showed positive results in the intensity of the development of ducklings. Further research can focus on testing the technique on older specimens and improving the economic efficiency of feeding waterfowl.

Keywords: Poultry, Meat production, Feed additives, Weight measurement.

Plastic is a ubiquitous material used to meet various human needs. However, its use negatively impacts the environment due to its non-biodegradability, contribution to pollution, and potential health threats. Biocomposite materials offer a promising solution to these problems. This study aimed to develop biocomposite films using a polyvinyl alcohol / potato starch matrix reinforced with coffee grounds waste as a filler. This experimental study involved three tests: tensile testing, fracture morphological observation, and biodegradation in soil. The addition of CGW to the PVA/PS matrix increased tensile stress, reaching a maximum of 9.42MPa at a 2% filler loading. This result corresponded with the tensile modulus, which also peaked at 2% CGW (0.28MPa). Fracture morphological analysis via scanning electron microscopy confirmed these findings, revealing wave-like patterns and strong interfacial bonding between the matrix and filler at this concentration. The lowest tensile stress (6.31MPa) was observed at a 3% filler loading. Strain values remained relatively consistent between pure PVA and the biocomposites. Biodegradation testing revealed degradation rates of 32, 34, 36, 39, and 37% for PVA, PVA/PS, and CGW loadings of 1, 2, and 3%, respectively, after 15 days of soil burial. The biocomposite films, particularly at the optimal CGW loading, exhibit competitive tensile stress and biodegradation rates compared to synthetic plastics, suggesting their potential suitability for food packaging applications.

Keywords: Tensile stress, Biocomposite, Polyvinyl alcohol, Potato starch, Coffee ground waste.

This study aims to assess the degradation of petroleum products using Chlorella strain algae. To assess the level of petroleum product decomposition by algae based on mass spectrometric detection gas chromatography and to determine the algae’s resistance to various concentrations of petroleum products, mineral culture media with different concentrations of diesel fuel (1:10, 1:100, 1:1000) were used for cultivating green algae. Based on the research results, when diesel fuel was diluted with water at a ratio of 1:10, the amount of hydrocarbons detected by gas chromatography was nearly 2.5 times lower than when diluted under the same conditions in the presence of photosynthetic algae. This suggests potential biological degradation. When diluted at a ratio of 1:100, the quantity of these substances did not significantly differ between the control and experimental groups. However, when diluted at a ratio of 1:1000 in the experimental group with algae, the amount of identified hydrocarbons was 17 times higher. Thus, these findings indicate an acceleration in the degradation of petroleum products. The research results under in vitro conditions, focusing on studying the resistance of certain algae to petroleum products at the cellular level, may be utilized in the development of biotechnology for the remediation of water bodies and/or the purification of wastewater from petroleum contamination, particularly diesel fuel. Additionally, these findings could contribute to developing technologies aimed at conducting rehabilitation efforts in freshwater ecosystems contaminated with petroleum products using microscopic algae.

Keywords: Oil; Petroleum products; Algae; Phytoremediation; Phytoextraction.