Volume 13, No. 4, 2024 (In-Progress) |
Impact of Climate Change on the Emergence of Plant Pathogens in Tomato Plants Ziad B. Al-Rawashdeh, Jawad Atef Al-Dalaeen, Mohamed B. AL-Nawaiseh, Muwaffaq Ramadan Karaje and Saddam A. Al-Dalain Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 540-546. Abstract
Full text pdfClimate change poses an escalating challenge to agricultural systems worldwide, significantly impacting both input availability and crop yields. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns become more erratic, the spread of plant diseases is intensifying, thereby threatening global food security. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of climate change on pathogen emergence, severity, and tomato crop production. The experimental design included four treatments: a control group, an increased temperature scenario (2-3°C above ambient), elevated CO2 concentration (300 ppm), and a combination of increased temperature and CO2 levels. These treatments were implemented in a controlled environment to regulate the experimental conditions precisely. The collected results were entered and analyzed using the R software. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and regression analysis were used to reach the results. The increase in temperature increased the pathogens by 40% after 16 weeks, while under CO2 treatment, the pathogens increased by 30% compared to the control treatment. The mix treatment of temperature and CO2 increased the pathogens by 70% compared to the control treatment. Disease severity increased to 2, 4, and 6 levels under the temperature, CO2, and mix treatments. Regression analysis revealed significant correlations between elevated temperature and CO2 concentrations and the severity of tomato diseases. Tomato production per plant dropped by 60%, 70%, and 30% under temperature, CO2, and mix treatment. The study recommended the need for innovative agricultural practices to face the increased risk of plant production under climate change conditions. Keywords: Climate change, Plant pathogens, Tomato, Carbon dioxide, Temperature. |
Vegetative Growth Phase of Mentik Susu Local Rice Species with the Application of Perokan Fertilizer Untung Santoso, Maulinda Widyastuti, Nurlaila1 and Ihsan Noor Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 547-552. Abstract
Full text pdfIt focuses on examining the impact of Perokan liquid organic fertilizer on the vegetative growth phase of the Mentik Susu rice variety grown in acid-sulfate soil. Mentik Susu is a fragrant Indigenous rice that lacks a strong brand identity but is liked by consumers for its taste and texture. Often, yield constraints are faced because of the type of soil used. The treatments we used are 2mL of NASA fertilizer as a control and four levels of Perokan fertilizer at 1, 3, 5, and 7mL/L water. In the case of the 7mL dose of Perokan, there is a highly significant increase in plant height, which is 88.18±1.6cm, and the number of tillers is 14.75, resulting in the highest yield per plant of 40.10±2.6g. In other words, although the phosphorus, potassium, and organic carbon were detected to be low in Perokan, the quality and slightly acidic pH of its nitrogen were all the ingredients for vegetation growth. From the study, it can be concluded that Perokan fertilizer, especially at the level of 7mL, demonstrates a significant potential in improving the growth and yield potential of Mentik Susu rice under low fertility nutrient soil, providing a reliable and effective organic fertilization alternative. Keywords: Fertilizer, Liquid, Organic, Perokan, Rice, Vegetative. |
Bovine Leukosis: Classification, Clinical Findings, Clinical Pathology, Diagnosis, Necropsy and Control Measures Mohamed Tharwat, Mohamed Marzok and Abdulrahman A Alkheraif Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 553-559. Abstract
Full text pdfBovine leukosis is divided into two types: enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, and sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) of unknown cause. EBL is a non-benign tumorous disease of the lympho-reticular system in cattle. It is manifested by inveterate low-level viremia and a considerably long passivity period. BLV is an oncogenic class of the Delta retroviruses, and it is exceedingly linked to the human T-cell leukemia virus. Worldwide, BLV hits cattle causing huge financial losses. Genetic tendency plays a vital role and is shown in the fact that few cattle are apparently affected. Infected animals are constant carriers of the virus; however, infected cows are asymptomatic, with few cattle showing passing viremia. Three to four months post-infection, BLV virus is difficult to be sequestered from these cows. Almost thirty percent of infected cows are sero-convert and may develop constant lymphocytosis within three months to some years post-infection. Only one to five percent of carrier cattle show the tumorous disease. SBL is typically classified into three forms according to onset age and lesion site: calf or juvenile form, thymic or adolescent form, and skin or cutaneous form. These forms are sporadic with no implicit infectious cause, like a virus, has been isolated for these forms. However, the popular form, enzootic or adult multi-centric form, is always linked with BLV infection. In the later form, affected cattle are usually four to eight years old, and neoplasms are usually located in the abomasum, uterus, cardiac right atrium, or superficial lymph nodes. Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, diagnostic criteria, necropsy findings, and control measures are clarified. As a consequence of EBL, large financial losses occur due to the collapse of affected cattle, condemnation of diseased cases, loss of export benefits, and veterinary charges. This review was written to emphasize the categories, clinical findings, clinical pathology, diagnosis, necropsy, and control measures of bovine leukosis in cattle. Keywords: Cattle; Bovine leukosis; Enzootic bovine leukosis; Lymphosarcoma; Pathology. |
Role of Tillage and Bio-Humus in The Restoration of Degraded Pastures of Agropyrum Pectiniforme in the Steppe Zone of Northeast Kazakhstan Under Changing Climatic Conditions Altinay Kukusheva, Zibagul Kakezhanova, Zhastlek Uakhitov, Ardager Sarbasov and Beybit Nasiyev Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 560-573. Abstract
Full text pdfExpanding the area of hay and pasture lands is not just a solution to the problem of desertification but a necessity to ensure a consistent supply of livestock feed in the current climate change scenario. Therefore, this work, which aims to identify effective methods for improving degraded perennial grass stands, using wheatgrass (Agropyrum pectiniforme) as an example, is of utmost importance. The study was conducted over three consecutive years in the steppe zone of Northeast Kazakhstan, where the physical and chemical properties of water and soil were examined, and the biometric indicators and productivity of plants were monitored. The research results indicate that disc harrow tillage is the most effective treatment for compacted wheatgrass lands. This method reduced soil bulk density by 0.14g/cm3, increased water permeability, and made 15.6mm more moisture available. Additionally, the humus increased by 0.18% compared to the variant without tillage. The process of decomposition of organic plant residues following tillage may be enhanced through the application of microbiological preparations and complex fertilizers containing useful microorganisms and biostimulants, which can optimize nutrition. Combining these fertilizers with bio-humus is also beneficial, as it can further enhance the decomposition process. Restoration techniques result in a fresh grass gain of 0.96-1.07t/ha (1.4-1.5 times) compared to disc harrow tillage alone. Additionally, it yields 1.61-1.72t/ha (2 times) more than the variant without restoration techniques. These findings demonstrate the positive impact of combined tillage and biological treatments on soil health and pasture productivity. Conclusively, integrating disc harrow tillage with bio-humus and microbiological preparations offers a viable and effective approach to restoring degraded pastures, mitigating desertification, and ensuring sustainable livestock feed production under changing climatic conditions. The urgency of this research topic underscores the importance of the role of agricultural professionals and policymakers in implementing these findings. Keywords: Wheatgrass; Restoration; Forage land; Mechanized treatment; Microbiological preparation; Bio-humus. |
Antibacterial, Antiaging, and Antiangiogenic Activity of Streptomyces sp. SAE4034 Extract from Mangrove Sediment Dini Ryandini, Syamsul Ma’arif, Arif Hidayat, Amelia Rahma Putri, Dyah Fitri Kusharyati, Meyta Pratiwi, Sri Martina Wiraswati, Ren Fitriadi and Oedjijono Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 574-581. Abstract
Full text pdfStreptomyces sp. SAE4034 was isolated from the mangrove rhizosphere in Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Indonesia. It is potentially producing bioactive compounds. The bioactive content was studied for their antibacterial and antiaging activities as well as their potential as antiangiogenic agents. Antibacterial assay was conducted against Klebsiella pneumoniae and the acne-causing bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Antiaging testing was done by administering crude extract to Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells experiencing oxidative stress due to exposed to 3mM peroxide solution. The antiangiogenic test was assessed through its ability to inhibit the formation of blood vessels in embryonated eggs. The results showed that the Streptomyces sp. SAE4034 crude extract contains peptides, polyphenols, polyketides, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. The crude extract inhibited K. pneumoniae with an average inhibition zone diameter of 16.25mm and a MIC value of 128µg/mL. The inhibitory mechanism against pathogenic bacteria is due to leakage of nucleic acids and proteins, which indicates damage to the K. pneumoniae cell wall. Against P. acnes, the crude extract produced higher inhibition capability than the positive control; as shown inhibition zone diameter of 44.0850mm, and the MIC value of 32µg/mL. The crude extract prolonged the life span of S. cerevisiae cells which experienced oxidative stress. The potential of antiangiogenic substances is proven by significantly reducing the angiogenic process in the chicken embryos development, with morphometric values of 50µg/mL (mean 13.57%) and 100µg/mL (mean 10.93%). Streptomyces sp. SAE4034 has the potential to be developed as a source of antibiotics, antiaging, and antitumor compounds. Keywords: Streptomyces sp. SAE4034, Antibacterial, Antiaging, Antiangiogenic, Inhibitory mechanism. |
Insulin, Leptin and Ghrelin are Correlated with Sex but Not with Age in Healthy Subjects: A Cross-sectional Study Hadil S. Subih, Mohannad Mouzik, Bayan Obeidat, Belal S Obeidat, Nahla Al-Bayyari, Leen B. Obeidat, Nour Amin Elsahoryi and Linda Alyahya Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 582-587. Abstract
Full text pdfOver the past ten years, there has been a significant global increase in the prevalence of obesity. Obesity can lead to several complications, such as metabolic problems, hormonal imbalances, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the connection between hormones, health biomarkers, waist circumference, and body weight. One hundred male and female participants in a cross-sectional study were included. Measurements of height, weight, and waist circumference were taken. A bioelectrical impedance analyzer was used to determine the percentage of total body fat. Measurements of % HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG), ghrelin, and leptin were made using venous blood samples. Additionally, blood pressure was measured. Of the individuals, 27% were fat and 40% were overweight. About 57% of the participants had high body fat percentages, and 50% of them had high waist circumferences. Males had a greater waist circumference (P<0.05). In comparison to females, males showed significantly greater levels of TG, % HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and lower levels of HDL. Leptin levels were considerably (P<0.05) higher and ghrelin levels were lower in females. In elderly participants, both diastolic and systolic blood pressure increased significantly (P<0.05). Of the participants in our study, 67% were overweight or obese. In summary, men were more likely to have diabetes, abdominal obesity, and dyslipidemia, which increases the risk of cardiovascular illnesses. Finally, females exhibited higher levels of hormones that regulate appetite than males did, and age was linked to higher blood pressure. Keywords: Body weight, Diabetes, Glucose, Hormones, Lifestyle, Obesity. |
Supplementation of Guanidinoacetic Acid in Feed on Growth Performance, Intestine Histomorphology, Muscle Histology and Meat Quality of Native Chicken Sri Purwanti, Jasmal A. Syamsu, Nancy Lahay, Marhamah Nadir, Zaraswati Dwiyana, Abdul Alim Yamin, Raymundus Genty Laras, Sumiati and Henny Akit Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 588-595. Abstract
Full text pdfThe body naturally produces guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), an organic acid that serves as a precursor to creatine, an energy carrier in cells. An experiment was conducted to determine the response of native chickens to GAA. The GAA used is CreAMINO®, added to the feed during rearing up to 70 days of age. The native chicken was allotted to 4 treatments, each with 5 replicates of 6 chickens/pen. Four commercial diets were as control (without added GAA and Betaine): 0.06% GAA + 0.1% Betaine, 0.12% GAA + 0.1% Betaine, and 0.18% GAA + 0.1% Betaine. As a result, GAA provides additional energy for optimal growth. The criteria of responses were feed intake, feed efficiency, body weight gains, carcass weight, innards weight and length, intestinal morphology, histology on muscle, and meat quality. Supplementation of native chicken diets with 0.06 GAA resulted in the highest live weight gain, chicken wings, and chicken thighs. In 0.12 GAA, they resulted in the highest average daily gain, lowest feed conversion ratio, carcass weight, breast thighs, chicken back, and chicken lower leg. In 0.18 GAA, the lowest feed intake, feed efficiency, and meat cholesterol were found. Different GAA levels tend to give different results on native chicken performances. Keywords: Guanidinoacetic acid; Native chicken; Feed intake; Weight gain; Meat quality; Intestinal histomorphology. |
Enhancing Soil Fertilizer and Peanut Output by Utilizing Endophytic Bacteria and Vermicompost on Arsenic-Contaminated Soil Nguyen V. Chuong and Tran L. K. Tri Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 596-602. Abstract
Full text pdfThe primary objective of this research is to enhance soil fertility, peanut yield, and quality by implementing bio-nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in combination with organic manures. The study evaluated the effectiveness of Enterobacter asburiae strain RA5.MM (EA strain RA5.MM) and vermicompost (VT) in conjunction with two types of irrigation water (IW) [river water (RW) and deep well water (DWW)] on soil properties, plant growth, yield, quality, and arsenic (As) accumulation in peanuts. The field study was conducted in An Phu District, An Giang Province, Vietnam, and involved three factors: (1) two VT application rates (0.0 and 10 t ha^-1); (2) two inoculation methods for EA strain RA5.MM (inoculated and non-inoculated); and (3) two irrigation water types (RW and DWW), with four replications. The results of the research indicated that inoculating with EA strain RA5.MM and applying 10 t ha-1 of VT and RW irrigation enhanced soil fertility and improved peanut yield components. The study also showed that EA strain RA5.MM reduced arsenic absorption in peanut plants and decreased arsenic accumulation in peanut stems and grains. Specifically, the fresh pod productivity of peanuts was higher with the 10 t ha-1 VT application, EA strain RA5.MM inoculation and RW irrigation, compared to treatments without EA strain RA5.MM inoculation and DWW irrigation, by 11.0, 14.3, and 23.4%, respectively. Additionally, the arsenic content in the 10 t ha-1 VT application, EA strain RA5.MM inoculation and RW irrigation treatments were reduced by 9.96, 12.4, and 39.2% in stems, and 12.9, 15.7, and 30.2% in seeds, respectively, compared to treatments without VT application, EA strain RA5.MM inoculation and DWW irrigation. The EA strain RA5.MM effectively reduced arsenic uptake in peanut stems and seeds, improved soil fertility, and promoted peanut growth, yield, and quality. Its resistance to arsenic is increasingly linked to the addition of vermicompost and arsenic-free irrigation water, which are promising techniques for cultivating crops in arsenic-contaminated conditions. Furthermore, EA strain RA5.MM has the potential to develop bio-organic fertilizers for future crop production. Keywords: Arsenic, Peanut, EA strain RA5. MM, Vermicompost, Deep well water, River water. |
Effect of Photoperiod on Semen Production and Thermo-Physiological Responses of the Pearl Guinea Fowl in Hot Humid Environment Clement Gyeabour Kyere, Michael Boateng, Stephen Alfred Osei, Yaw Oppong Frimpong, Patrick Atta Poku Jnr, Okyere Korankye, Grace Kyere Twumasi and Aduomi Kwadwo Owusu Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 603-609. Abstract
Full text pdfThis study examines the effect of photoperiod on sperm production and quality of the pearl Guinea fowl cock. Keets used for this investigation were subjected to different photoperiod levels: 12HL:12HD, 14HL:10HD, 16HL: 8HD, and 18HL:6HD using a white bright LED Energy saving bulbs of 120 watts with light intensity of 5.60 lux and kept from day-old to eight weeks in a completely randomized block design. Semen produced by cocks subjected to 12HL: 12HD was closely gathered, while semen produced by birds subjected to 18HL: 6HD was spread apart. Considering semen motility, sperm produced by cocks subjected to 18HL: 6HD photoperiod swam efficiently followed by cocks subjected to 16HL: 8HD and 14HL: 10HD. While sperms produced by cocks subjected to 12HL: 12HD were swimming slowly. Cocks subjected to 12HL: 12HD produced the highest (28.75) percentage of abnormal spermatozoa and the lowest (20.25%) among cocks subjected to 18HL: 6HD treatment. The highest normal spermatozoa (79.75%) were produced by cocks subjected to 18HL: 6HD treatment, and the lowest (71.25%) among cocks subjected to 18HL: 6HD treatment. The volume of spermatozoa produced was highest (3.6mL) in cocks exposed to 16HL: 8HD photoperiod and lowest (2.81 ml) in cocks exposed to 14HL: 10HD photoperiod. Cocks subjected to 18HL: 6HD level of photoperiod recorded the highest (P=0.001) white blood cells (4.48 %), while birds subjected to 12HL: 12HD had the lowest percentage of white blood cell of 2.42. In conclusion, semen quality and quantity increased with increasing photoperiod. Keywords: Photoperiod; Guinea fowl; Semen; Spermatozoa; Thermo-physiological responses |
Implementation of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture in the Cultivation of Giant Trevally (Caranx ignobilis), Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) and Sea Cucumber (Holothuria atra) in the Aquaculture Sub-Zone of the Banda Marine Conservation Area Aditya Putra Basir, Sri Rejeki, Frida Purwanti and Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 610-616. Abstract
Full text pdfIntegrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) research was conducted in the Banda Marine Conservation Area to develop a sustainable farming system and preserve the environment. Fish were cultured in three floating net cages (3m x 3m x 3m), with 300 fish per cage, totalling 900. Sea cucumbers were cultivated in three square net cages (3m x 3m, 50cm height) with 150 sea cucumbers per unit, totalling 450. Seaweed was grown using vertical long lines around the KJA area, with horizontal distance treatments (5, 15, 2, 35, 45m) and vertical distance between nodes at 2m. Over 180 days, Caranx ignobilis had a Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of 0.42 g/day, while Holothuria atra had 0.005 g/day. Kappaphycus alvarezii had an average RGR of 0.11 g/day over four 45-day cycles. Specific Growth Rates (SGR) were 6.45%/day for C. ignobilis, 2.91%/day for H. atra, and 6.29%/day for K. alvarezii. H. atra had the highest survival rate (97.60%), while C. ignobilis had the lowest (96.17%). The NO3-N and PO4-P content in K. alvarezii at the end of the cycle was highest on the northern raft, with NO3-N=4.62gN/m² and PO4-P=1.06gN/m². Keywords: IMTA; C. ignobilis; K. alvarezii; H. atra |
Impact of Factors on the Growth and Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Controlling Pathogenic Microorganisms in Kazakhstan R. Myktybayeva, Z. Kozahmetova, A. Sansyzbay, T. Boranbayeva, A. Mussoyev, Zh. Otebayev and Ye. Dutbayev Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 617-625. Abstract
Full text pdfThe study aimed to evaluate the influence of various factors on the growth and activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from shubat and kumis to determine their potential in controlling pathogenic microorganisms in Kazakhstan. Microbiological studies were conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiocenosis and Probiotic Design of the Department of Biological Safety at the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, and molecular and biological studies were performed at the Institute of Microbiology and Virology. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria strains and assess their tolerance to various factors, such as nutrient medium (meat peptone and milk), bile salt concentration (20 and 40%), and sodium chloride concentration (2, 4 and 6%), and the effect of temperature and air on the number of bacteria. R software version 4.3.3 was used for statistical data processing. The variation analysis (ANOVA) was performed using the Kruskall-Wallis test, establishing statistical significance at P≤0.05. The results showed the unique activity of each lactic acid bacteria strain against various bacteria and moderate and strong positive correlations between strains and their activity. The importance of optimizing the conditions for the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria was confirmed by the results of the study where various nutrient substrates, temperature, bile, and time had a significant impact on the growth and behavior of bacteria. The results can be used to optimize the production of lactic acid products and the development of new probiotic preparations and to control pathogens in the food industry and veterinary medicine in Kazakhstan. Keywords: Influence of abiotic factors; Correlations; Pathogen control; Strain; Probiotics |
Production Performance and Milk Quality of Holstein Friesian Dairy Cow with the Utilization of Eggshell Meal Extract as a Source of Minerals S Silvi, A Ako, R F Utamy, F Maruddin, S Gustina and K Umpuch Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 626-631. Abstract
Full text pdfMilk production hinges on high-quality feed; minerals are indispensable in concentrate feed. Eggshells, a readily available by-product, contain essential minerals like calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), and magnesium (Mg). Our study investigated eggshell meal as a mineral source for dairy cows. We assessed different mineral sources’ impact on Holstein Friesian dairy cows’ performance, blood Ca levels, and milk’s macro mineral quality. The study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 5 replicates, involving 15 Holstein Friesian dairy cows aged 4–5 years with an average weight of ±500kg. Treatments included commercial mineral source concentrate feed (T1), eggshell meal mineral source concentrate feed (T2), and eggshell meal extract mineral source concentrate feed (T3). Parameters included milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), blood Ca levels, and milk quality. The study revealed that using eggshell meal significantly increased milk yield and FCE compared to commercial minerals. However, there were no significant differences in blood Ca levels, physical milk qualities (pH, specific gravity, and viscosity), chemical qualities (protein and fat), and Mg content. The eggshell meal extract treatment showed milk’s highest Ca, P, and K content. In conclusion, our findings support using eggshell meal and extracts as a valuable source of Ca minerals in dairy cow diets, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional mineral supplements. Keywords: Eggshell meal extract; Holstein Friesian; Milk minerals; Supplementation |
In Situ Bioavailability of Nano-calcium from Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) Bone Extract with Varying Extraction Duration Novia Anggraeni, Eko Nurcahya Dewi, Antonius Budi Susanto and Putut Har Riyadi Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 632-638. Abstract
Full text pdfCalcium is one of the essential macro minerals the body needs, and deficiencies in calcium can cause bone health problems. One of the abundant sources of calcium is red snapper fish bone waste; in addition, optimal calcium absorption occurs when calcium is in small particle sizes or nanoparticle form. This study obtained red snapper fish bones from PT Kelola Laut Nusantara, Pati. Initially, the fish bones were washed thoroughly with running water, boiled to remove attached meat, dried at 50°C for 6 hours, and reduced in size with a hammer mill. After extracting snapper fish bone powder in the second stage (60, 90, 120min), a sample: NaOH ratio of 1:4 was used to extract nano-sized bones. The next stage, nano-calcium with the smallest particle size was then tested for bioavailability in situ using mice, and compared with fish bone meal. The novelty of this study was to find the effect of extraction time on particle size, yield, water content, and nanocalcium nano-calcium produced. In addition, it can also determine the efficiency of nano-calcium nanocalcium and characterization of the use of base solvent concentration and selected extraction time variations based on particle size in the in-situ bioavailability process using mice as experimental animals. This study concludes that the best nano-calcium is nano-calcium with an extraction time of 90min, with a yield of 7.80%, particle size of 440.41nm, water content of 2.63%, ash content of 87.08%, protein content of 0.82%, fat content of 1.65%, calcium content of 21.84%, and phosphorus content of 12.76%. Total calcium absorption is 55.29%, with in situ bioavailability with experimental animals of 2.07%, and its morphology is uniformly consistent. Keywords: Fish Bones; Calcium; Nano Calcium; Bioavailability; In Situ. |
Identification of the Pathogens Responsible for the Primary Fungal Infections Linked to Soy Seeds in Burkina Faso Teendbwaoga Merlène Prisca Ouedraogo, Abalo Itolou Kassankogno, Elise Sanon, Aïdatou Kafando, Seydou Barro, Bonwendson Clément Nikiema, Hawa Sohoro and Issa Wonni Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 639-648. Abstract
Full text pdfThe fungi associated with soybean seeds can decrease seed quality decrease seed quality andalso serve as the primary inoculum for many soybean diseases. The identification of these fungi is the first step towards the development of an effective control method that will have a significant impact on crop yields. This study was initiated at the Institute for the Environment and Agricultural Research of Farako-Bâ in 2021 with this objective in mind. A total of 17 samples of two varieties from four regions of Burkina Faso were identified using the paper blotting and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture methods. The observations were made using a binocular microscope and an optical microscope. The morphological characteristics of fungi revealed that the genera Aspergillus (27.24%; 50.24%), Fusarium (10.88%; 20.47%), Phoma (3.72%; 8.82%), Cladosporium (3.48%; 4.77%), Macrophomina (2.3%; 4.66%), and Curvularia (2.05%; 6.12%) were the most frequent and abundant. The results of the pathogenic power analysis revealed that the isolates from Kari, Bobo Dioulasso 2 and 3, including Curvularia (CuE4, CuE1, CuE10, CuE3, CuE5, CuE8, CuE9, CuE13), Macrophomina (MpE7, MpE5, MpE10, MpE1, MpE4, MpE9, MpE12), and Fusarium (FuE7, FuE10, FuE1, FuE4), exhibited high levels of aggressiveness. Various isolates of Fusarium and Phoma showed moderate aggressiveness and had different effects on seeds, depending on the varieties and locations. Two Phoma isolates (PhE5 and PhE7) were non-aggressive. This study highlights a wide range of fungal pathogens associated with soybean in Burkina Faso, offering potential for the development of effective control strategies. Keywords: Glycine max L., Identification, Pathogenic fungi, Seeds, Burkina Faso |
Thermal Kinetic Engineering of Virgin Red Palm Oil Beverage Product Quality for Storage Optimization Model Design David Yudianto, Hanafi, Bella Mellisani, Arya Ulilalbab, Robert Wiliater Sibarani, Andita Sayekti and Ellyas Alga Nainggolan Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 649-655. Abstract
Full text pdfPalm oil is rich in carotenoids, which give it a distinct reddish hue and contribute to its functional value. The virgin red palm oil emulsion drink is a novel food product that extracts carotenoids and meets the human requirement for pro-vitamin A. The emulsification and stabilization by using carboxymethyl cellulose, resulting in a final look that closely resembles a colloidal suspension. The quality of this beverage is primarily determined by its acid value, an indicator of triglyceride hydrolysis, as the raw, unheated oil is susceptible to lipase enzyme activity. Various oil quality factors, such as peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, acid value, percentage of oleic free fatty acids (oleic FFA), and percentage of palmitic free fatty acids (palmitic FFA), have been modeled to forecast the shelf life of beverage product. Using the Arrhenius model and accelerated shelf-life testing, the study determined that the product’s shelf life, based on the acid value at 8°C, is 412 hours. The shelf life, determined by the criteria of peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, oleic FFA, and palmitic FFA, are 363, 398, 419, 398, and 398 hours, respectively. An effective model for optimizing the process of storing products can be developed to generate recommendations for the ideal combination of storage time and temperature, ensuring that the expiration date is not exceeded. Utilizing thermal kinetic engineering and storage optimization models for virgin red palm oil products can make a substantial contribution to modeling other food products, ensuring that they do not exceed the expiration date for different storage temperatures. Keywords: Arrhenius; Optimization model; Storage; Thermal kinetics; Virgin red palm oil |
Harnessing Bacteriophages: A Promising Approach to Combat Foodborne Pathogen Biofilms Ananda Sekar Kinanti, Asep Awaludin Prihanto, Yoga Dwi Jatmiko, Rovina Kobun and Wen Xia Ling Felicia Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 656-668. Abstract
Full text pdfA biofilm is a community of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are protected by a polymeric matrix they produce. Several pathogenic bacteria that form biofilms, such as Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, species of Vibrio sp., Bacillus cereus, Salmonella sp., Clostridium botulinum, Shigella sp., Escherichia coli, Campylobacter sp., Yersinia sp., Listeria sp., and Aeromonas sp. can cause foodborne disease outbreaks. The formation of biofilms by these pathogens increases their resistance to extreme environmental conditions and cleaning agents, posing significant challenges in the food industry. Biofilms not only threaten food safety but also increase production and handling costs. Conventional methods for eliminating biofilms are often ineffective, necessitating alternative approaches. The use of bacteriophages, viruses that specifically attack bacteria, shows excellent potential as antibiofilm agents. Bacteriophages can significantly reduce the number of biofilm-forming bacteria through lytic mechanisms on surfaces such as stainless steel, rubber, and fresh vegetables. Therefore, bacteriophages are expected to be implemented as innovative solutions to control biofilms in food and non-food industries, enhancing overall food safety. This review aims to explain in detail the potential of bacteriophages in combating biofilms of foodborne pathogens. Keywords: Biofilm, Foodborne diseases, Food safety, Bacteriophage |
Plant-Microbes’ Interactions and their Roles in Bioremediation: A Case Study of Phragmites australis in Acid Mine Condition Chimdi Mang Kalu, Udoka Vitus Ogugua, Ebere Lovelyn Udeh, Wilson Bamise Adeosun, Sheku Alfred Kanu, Khayalethu Ntushelo, Du Toit Loots, Pierre Adriaanse and Memory Tekere Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 669-682. Abstract
Full text pdfThe interactions between plants and microbial communities are vital in shaping the dynamism of a particular ecosystem toward ecological sustainability. In an acid mine drainage (AMD) system characterized by the abundance of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters, the survival of plants could be limited. Hence, plants surviving in such environmental conditions tend to develop a particular microsystem that promotes their growth. Plant-microbes interaction is among the systems that most plants develop to enhance their ability to withstand the toxicity of heavy metals and possibly grow. The common reed (CR), Phragmites australis, an invasive weed, has been found to withstand the toxicity of heavy metals and survive in AMD environments. In addition, the association between CR and the microbial communities at the rhizosphere level plays a crucial role in the growth of CR by reducing the toxicity of the heavy metals. These interactions culminate in the release of diverse metabolites by the plant and microbial communities controlled by specific genes. This review collated information on the different microbial communities associated with CR and the metabolites released to promote the growth of CR and enhance their remediation potential. Although the interactions were under the influence of secreted metabolites, a gap still existed in elucidating the specific metabolites secreted either by the microbes or the CR. Further study is recommended that could cut across interdisciplinary approaches, including molecular docking, to enhance the elucidation of diverse metabolites from the microbes and CR. Keywords: Common reed; Phragmites australis; Metabolites; Acid mine drainage; Bioremediation |
Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma-rays Treatment on Adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) Ramadhani Kurnia Adhi, Warid Ali Qosim, Meddy Rachmadi, Farida Damayanti, Suseno Amien, Anas and Rommy Zamhir Islami Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 683-688. Abstract
Full text pdfAdlay has the potential to be developed as an alternative and functional food. However, this plant has a low yield and takes a long time to harvest. Mutation breeding is carried out to increase diversity and obtain adlay plants that exhibit early maturing and high-yield traits. The effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens are important factors in determining the success of mutation breeding. This study evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens from various doses of gamma rays in inducing variability that can be utilized in the genetic improvement of adlay plants. Adlay seeds of the Watani Wado variety were treated with gamma-ray irradiation at doses of 0 (control), 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400Gy. A total of 100 seeds with three replicates of each treatment dose were grown to become M1 plants. A total of 3960 seeds from M1 plants were grown to become M2 plants. The results showed that gamma-ray irradiation at 250Gy resulted in the highest chlorophyll mutation frequency, mutagenic effectiveness, and efficiency in adlay. Higher doses led to a decline in effectiveness and efficiency, accompanied by increased biological damage, such as reduced seedling height and higher pollen sterility. These findings suggest that lower doses of gamma irradiation are more effective in inducing beneficial mutation while minimizing adverse effects. Understanding the optimal mutagen dose can be used by breeders to identify populations effectively at early generations to reduce costs and increase selection scope. Keywords: Adlay; Gamma-rays; Mutagenic effectiveness; Mutagenic efficiency; Mutation |
Phytochemical Analysis and Medicinal Properties of Some Selected Traditional Medicinal Plants Elham Bagheri, Amal Bakr Shori, Chin Wai Peng, Ahmad Salihin Baba and Ashwag Jaman Alzahrani Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 689-700. Abstract
Full text pdfInterest in and awareness of health attributes by natural resources such as herbs, spices, and fruits have resulted in increased consumption of natural products for a safe and effective resolution for illness and also promoting good health. Plants are rich in diverse chemical substances, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and xanthones, many of which have demonstrated medicinal effects or pharmacological benefits. Chinese clinical studies have identified many useful plants that can increase the effectiveness of modern drug treatment and reduce its side effects. The scientific basis for using traditional medicinal plants such as Garcinia mongostana, Lycium barbarum, Momordica grosvenori, and Psidium guajava has been established. Therefore, this review research aims to highlight these four traditional medicinal plants’ chemical components and medicinal effects. Keywords: Medicinal properties; Phytochemical; Garcinia mangostana; Lycium barbarum; Mormodica grosvenori; Psidium guajava |
Assessing the Potential of Indigenous Kikuyu Grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) as High-Quality Equine Forage from Different Accessions in Tropical Regions Mansyur, Nyimas Popi Indriani, Windu Nagara, Dimar Sari Wahyuni, Satria Maulana, Setiawan Martono, Herdis, Karen J. Harper, Nabila Fara Dega Rifianda, Vincent Niderkon and Yulianri Rizki Yanza Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 701-708. Abstract
Full text pdfTropical small farmers face forage shortages during the dry season, impacting livestock productivity. C4 grasses in tropical regions, including Indonesia, offer high biomass production and drought resistance, though they pose nutritional challenges. Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), native to Africa, shows potential as a high-protein forage feed despite its high oxalic acid content, which can hinder mineral absorption. This study evaluated the biomass and nutritive value of three indigenous Kikuyu accessions in tropical conditions, aiming to promote its use among smallholder farmers. Three Kikuyu accessions (KBB, KTP, KBT) were planted at 1300 m elevation. The experimental design involved daily irrigation, fertilizer application, and sampling for biomass production and nutrient analysis. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and fiber fractions were measured, along with mineral content and energy values. Results showed significant differences in leaf and stem proportions, with KBT having the highest leaf percentage. KTP had the highest dry matter yield. Nutrient analysis revealed higher crude protein and energy values in leaves, while stems had higher fiber content. Digestibility rates varied, with KBT showing the highest digestible energy. The study highlights the potential of Kikuyu grass, especially KBT and KBB accessions, as high-quality forage for equines in tropical regions. Factors such as defoliation schedule, fertilizer treatment, and soil conditions are crucial for optimizing forage quality. Promoting Kikuyu grass can improve livestock productivity for smallholder farmers in the tropics. Keywords: Indigenous Kikuyu, Forage, Production, Nutrient content, Equine. |
Study of Wild Wheatgrass (agropyron gaertn.) for the Genetic Diversity and Breeding Potential of Forage Grasses N Meldebekova, А Seitbattalova, K Kushenov, A Torekhanov, K Shanbayev, K Mukin, E Kambarbekov, B Ainebekova, S Yerzhanova and M Yessimbekova Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 709-716. Abstract
Full text pdfIn the context of climate change and increasing aridization in Kazakhstan, the main problem is the preservation of perennial drought and salt resistant forage crops for the development of agriculture. Wheatgrass is a type of plant that combines a high yield of green mass and seeds with longevity, drought resistance, and high forage qualities (Agropyron Gaertn.). This study aims to investigate the collection, preservation, and genetic analysis of wild wheatgrass samples to enhance the collection of gene pools for the development of high-yielding, drought-resistant forage crops suitable for arid and semiarid regions in Kazakhstan. A total of 270 samples from five Agropyron species were collected and analyzed. Genetic analysis revealed significant polymorphisms, with many unique genetic loci identified across different species. The morphological study revealed that several samples, particularly those from Russia and China, presented superior traits, including increased bushiness, plant height, and water retention capacity. The identified high-yield and drought-resistant samples are promising candidates for breeding programs to improve forage crop productivity in arid regions. These findings underscore the importance of ex situ conservation and the need for continuous genetic resource documentation to ensure sustainable agricultural development./p> |
Potential for Production of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) Secondary Metabolites with Auxin and Cytokinin in vitro Akbar Saitama, Darmawan Saptadi, Moch. Dawam Maghfoer and Eko Widaryanto Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 717-726. Abstract
Full text pdfIn Indonesia, galangal is a common rhizome plant that is grown in yards. Galangal can be used as a spice, a base for traditional Indonesian herbal medicine, or as an ingredient in other pharmaceutical products. In reality, the production of Kencur plants should be focused on the quality of the plant’s rhizomes, which will subsequently serve as raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, rather than just quantity, as is typically the case. There are a lot of beneficial secondary metabolites in the galangal rhizome. Kencur produces several significant bioactive ingredients, including ethyl P-Methoxycinnamate (EPMC). Issues in the field revealed several barriers to galangal cultivation, such as the long harvesting season, the lengthy growing season for planting material, and low quality. In vitro cultivation is one method that can be used to create Kencur’s secondary metabolites. The key to successful in vitro cultivation is the administration of growth regulators. More research is needed to determine the best growth regulator type, combination, and concentration for high-quality in vitro Kencur production. The primary objective of this review is to explore the potential for producing secondary metabolites from Kencur using in vitro techniques with the application of auxin and cytokinin. Keywords: Auxin, Ethyl P-Methoxycinnamate (EPMC), Kaempferia galanga L., Cytokinin. |
Land Suitability Assessment for Growth of Rhizophora stylosa and Aegiceras corniculatum for Development of Mangrove Forests in Coastal Areas of Nghe an Province, Vietnam Van Luong Vu, Anh The Hoang, Thi Thuy Hoang, Khac Tai Dau, Dinh Du Tran, Thi Thuy Ha Nguyen, Thi Quynh Nga Phan and Thi Thanh Vinh Luong Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 727-735. Abstract
Full text pdfDeveloping mangroves has long been a matter of interest to scientists. To properly plan mangrove development, it is necessary to assess the suitability of mangrove species. This study evaluated the suitability of two mangrove species, Rhizophora stylosa and Aegiceras corniculatum, for the coastal area of Nghe An province, Vietnam. The suitability assessment was conducted across eighteen land units using sixteen indicators grouped into four criteria: (1) Soil salinity, (2) Soil mechanical composition, (3) Tidal inundation, and (4) Current status of saline soil and mangrove forests. The results showed that five land units were classified as highly suitable (67.54ha, 9.43%); six as moderately suitable (237.83ha, 33.22%); two as a marginally suitable (31.2ha, 4.59%), and five as an unsuitable suitable (377.62ha, 52.75%) for the growth of R. stylosa; six land units were highly suitable (105.95ha, 14.8%); seven land units were moderately suitable (232.31ha, 32.45%); no land units were marginally suitable; five land units were not suitable (377.62ha, 52.75%) for the growth of A. corniculatum. The research results are the scientific basis for expanding the area and developing suitable mangrove trees in the coastal area of Nghe An province. Keywords: Mangrove forest, Land suitability assessment, Rhizophora stylosa, Aegiceras corniculatum. |
Utilizing Stress Tolerance Index and Principal Component Analysis for Rice Selection in Hydroponic Drought Screening Based on Physiological Traits Nasaruddin Muh Farid, Hari Iswoyo and Muhammad Fuad Anshori Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 736-743. Abstract
Full text pdfThe environment and selection criteria are critical during the seedling phase of artificially hydroponic drought screening. Notably, the selection environment is intricately linked to the chosen selection criteria. Physiological parameters, which offer precise insights into genotype performance, must be complemented by rigorous statistical analyses. In this study, the stress tolerance index (STI) and principal component analysis (PCA) were instrumental in defining the optimal selection environment for rice under hydroponic drought conditions. This research was conducted at the screen house using a nested and randomized block design, whereby replications were nested in the level of drought stress. Three levels of drought stress were applied across eight rice varieties, each with three replications. Physiological observations especially photosynthetic characteristics were observed. The results demonstrated that STI and PCA are effective tools for screening rice genotypes for drought tolerance under hydroponic conditions. The character of solar radiation, including absorption and transmission, is used as a correction for the chlorophyll character. The STI under 10% PEG stress predicted tolerance under 20% PEG stress with a high determination coefficient (R² = 0.76). Thus, a 10% PEG concentration is recommended as the selection environment for hydroponic drought screening at the seedling stage. These findings have significant implications for developing drought-tolerant rice varieties, which are crucial for ensuring global food security in the face of climate change. Keywords: Drought stress, Hydroponic screening, Oryza sativa, PCA, STI. |
Valorization and Optimization of Protein in Fermented Palm Kernel Cake: Influence on Broiler Chicks Growth Mohd Firdaus Othman, Andrew Yap Kian Chung, Rohaya Mohamed Halim, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Nasrin Abu Bakar and Astimar Abdul Aziz Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 744-752. Abstract
Full text pdfPalm kernel cake (PKC) is recognized for its potential as an animal feed ingredient, but its moderate protein content (14-19%) compared to soybean meal (48%) curbs its benefits. However, the PKC protein content can be enhanced through microbial fermentation. Thus, this study investigated the factors influencing the protein content in PKC fermented with Rhizopus oryzae ME01 (fPKC), using response surface methodology (RSM). This study also evaluated the effect of feeding fPKC on live performance of young broilers. Temperature, moisture content, and inoculum concentration were the optimized factors. This study revealed that the optimal fermentation conditions for maximum protein content in fPKC were 35oC, 60% (v/w) moisture content, and 7.17mg/mL inoculum concentration. Under these conditions, protein content was 19.81%, which was very close to the predicted value (20.28%). Unfortunately, growth performance analysis showed low body weight gain (BWG) (P≤0.05) of broiler chicks fed with 30% fPKC and 30% PKC, respectively, compared to broiler chicks fed with the commercial diet. However, an analysis of the amino acids of the optimized fPKC showed that fermentation successfully increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and lysine. These findings concluded that the optimized fPKC could be given to broiler chicks without detrimental health effects. Keywords: Animal feed, Essential amino acid, Broiler chickens growth performance, Oil palm byproduct, Palm kernel cake, Rhizopus oryzae. |