International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences

Enzymes are important bio-catalysts that are essential for normal physiological functions in living organisms. In addition to their biofunctional properties, various enzymes find applications in industry. These enzymes are highly specific and efficient, accelerating reactions and reducing harmful compounds. This review article examined recent advances in the use of enzymes in the food industry. Among enzyme classes, hydrolases (amylases, cellulases, esterases, lipases, pectinases, proteases, xylanases, etc.) are widely used in the food industry. The applications and functions of various enzymes across food industries, including dairy, beverages, bakery, starch, meat, and others, have been comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, the stability of enzymes across all food processes has been revisited, and emerging technologies for enzyme stabilization have been presented. Lastly, the future direction for the efficient utilization of enzyme technologies has been outlined.

Keywords: Enzymes, Enzyme activity, Enzyme stabilization, Food industries, Applications.

Tapioca solid waste (TSW), a starchy, fibrous byproduct of the tapioca industry, is widely produced but remains largely underutilized, particularly as a feedstock for renewable energy production such as bioethanol. Given the growing global demand for low-carbon fuels and circular bioeconomy-based waste valorization strategies, this study investigated bioethanol production from TSW using consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) with a microbial consortium of baker’s yeast and tapai yeast. A factorial completely randomized design (CRD) was implemented, examining three factors: concentrations of baker’s yeast, tapai yeast, and TSW substrate, each at 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/v). This design enabled evaluation of interactive effects between microbial consortium composition and substrate loading under CBP conditions. Key parameters measured included bioethanol concentration, final pH of the fermentation medium, substrate consumption, bioethanol production efficiency per unit of substrate, theoretical fermentation efficiency, and bioethanol yield. The results showed that all three factors significantly influenced most measured parameters, except final pH, indicating that process performance was primarily governed by microbial–substrate interactions rather than by pH variation. The optimal treatment combination was identified as 10% baker’s yeast, 10% tapai yeast, and 10% TSW substrate. This optimal condition yielded a bioethanol concentration of 37.15g/L, with a final pH ranging from 3.74 to 4.73, reflecting stable fermentation under mixed amylolytic–fermentative metabolism. Furthermore, it achieved 59.93% substrate consumption, 71.65% bioethanol production efficiency per unit of substrate, 69.32% theoretical fermentation efficiency, and a 4.16% bioethanol yield, demonstrating effective starch hydrolysis and sugar conversion without the addition of commercial enzymes. These findings strongly suggest that CBP using a microbial consortium on tapioca solid waste has significant potential as an effective method for bioethanol production, offering a non-GMO, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable pathway within a circular bioeconomy framework.

Keywords: Tapioca Solid Waste (TSW), Consolidated Bioprocessing, Bioethanol, Microbial Consortium.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important horticultural crop, extensively grown for its high nutritional value, rapid growth, and notable yield potential. The integration of foliar-applied amino acids with soil-incorporated vermicompost may offer a sustainable approach to improve cucumber yield and quality in greenhouse cultivation systems. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the individual and combined effects of foliar-applied amino acids and soil-applied vermicompost, in comparison to NPK fertilization, on the growth performance, mineral composition, and biochemical responses of cucumber under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with nine treatments, including NPK fertilization, three vermicompost rates (7.5, 15, and 30t/ha), amino acids (50% w/w) and their combinations, with four replications. Results revealed that NPK and the combined application of high-rate vermicompost with amino acids (V3+AA) significantly enhanced shoot fresh and dry weight, fruit number, and fruit weight per plant compared with other treatments. These treatments also resulted in the highest nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in plant tissues, while plant calcium content was particularly enhanced by V3+AA compared to NPK, amino acids alone (AA) treatment and the control. In contrast, magnesium content was highest in control plants and lowest under NPK. DPPH radical scavenging activity, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic content were significantly improved by NPK and V3+AA. The results demonstrated that integrating vermicompost with foliar-applied amino acids can achieve productivity and quality comparable to conventional mineral fertilization in greenhouse cucumber cultivation. This approach offers a sustainable alternative by reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers while enhancing nutrient cycling and supporting soil, plant, and human health.

Keywords: Amino acids, Cucumber, Greenhouse production, Sustainable production, Vermicompost.

TTauco is a soybean that has undergone mould and salt fermentation and is commonly used as a flavor enhancer in Indonesia. During fermentation, enzymes from microorganisms catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids, including those that contribute to umami flavors. The objective of this study was to ascertain the abundance of enzymes and predict their activity in tauco using the Metagenome Analyzer. The enzymes were predicted from the DNA sequences of microorganisms from tauco obtained from three regions in Indonesia: Cianjur, Pekalongan, and Singkawang. The most prevalent enzymes in all tauco were transferases, while hydrolases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of ester and peptide bonds, were the second most prevalent. The peptidases in tauco are predominantly endopeptidases, with significantly more assignments (3828 reads) than exopeptidases (3254 reads). A comparative analysis reveals that the number of peptidases assigned to tauco Singkawang (3257) is not significantly different from that of tauco Pekalongan (3177). However, the number of peptidases in tauco Cianjur is considerably lower (1520). This is also evidenced by the elevated level of peptides (14331.92mg/mL) in tauco Cianjur, as compared to the lower levels observed in the other two tauco. Both serine and metallo-carboxypeptidases in tauco are predicted to play a role in flavor production, as they have been shown to enhance umami and eliminate bitterness. The total activity of aminopeptidase, serine, and metallo-carboxypeptidase activity in tauco accounts for 2252 assignments (1.7%) out of the 135996 reads of the total enzyme activity.

Keywords: Fermentation, Enzyme prediction, Peptidases, Tauco, Umami.

Livestock manure represents a valuable resource for organic fertilizer production; however, its nutrient availability is often limited without appropriate treatment. This study evaluated the effects of manure type, fermentation duration, and bacterial inoculation on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents of fermented manure using a factorial experimental design. Chicken, cattle, and goat manure were fermented for 15 and 30 days with multiple bacterial isolates and an uninoculated control. Nutrient contents were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance to assess main and interaction effects among factors. Bacterial inoculation significantly enhanced N, P, and K contents compared with the control (P<0.05), although the magnitude of enhancement varied among bacterial isolates. Manure type strongly influenced fermentation outcomes, with chicken manure exhibiting the highest nutrient enrichment, followed by goat manure, while cattle manure showed comparatively lower responses. Extended fermentation generally increased nutrient availability, particularly in inoculated treatments. Significant interaction effects indicated that bacterial performance was dependent on manure substrate and fermentation duration. Heatmap visualization further highlighted isolate-specific nutrient enhancement patterns across macronutrients. Overall, the results demonstrate that nutrient enrichment during manure fermentation is governed by the combined influence of substrate type, fermentation time, and microbial inoculation. These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing manure fermentation strategies and selecting effective bacterial inoculants to improve the quality and consistency of manure-based organic fertilizers.

Keywords: Manure fermentation, Bacterial inoculation, Nutrient dynamics, Organic fertilizer, Livestock manure.

Dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm, is one of the most prevalent and recurrent skin infections worldwide. This superficial mycosis is caused by keratinolytic fungi belonging to the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, Arthroderma, Paraphyton, Lophophyton, and Nannizzia, which invade keratin-rich tissues such as skin, hair, and nails. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract of Vismia baccifera (L.) against the dermatophyte Nannizzia gypsea. The strain was characterized phenotypically and genotypically through morphological analyses, PCR amplification of the ITS region, and phylogenetic analysis using BLAST and MEGA11. The plant extract was obtained by maceration with 96% ethanol and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Antifungal activity was assessed using the agar diffusion method and double serial dilution assays, with clotrimazole as a positive control. Sequencing of the ITS region confirmed the strain’s identity as N. gypsea. Inhibition zones recorded for extract concentrations of 250, 500, and 750mgL⁻¹ ranged from 12.63±0.4 to 13.17±0.38mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 156.25µgmL⁻¹. The results indicate that the ethanolic extract of Vismia baccifera exhibits in vitro antifungal activity against N. gypsea, suggesting its potential as a source of bioactive compounds for the treatment of dermatophytosis.

Keywords: Dermatophytosis, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Tinea.

The success of Pesisir cattle breeding programs depends on sperm quality and the presence of functional proteins associated with motility and fertility, which may serve as reproductive biomarkers for sperm quality. This study evaluated individual sperm kinematic parameters, mapped protein profiles, and examined their relationships with sperm motility and molecular weight. Ten Pesisir bulls (aged <2-4 years) were assessed. Sperm motility was analyzed using Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA; IVOS-Hamilton) for accurate and objective measurements. Protein molecular weights were determined via one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D SDS-PAGE) using a PM2700/3-Color Broad Range Protein Marker (5-270 kDa). The results showed inter-individual variation in the kinematic parameters, all within the normal range. A total of 6-14 protein bands were identified in the sperm of Pesisir bulls. Total and progressive motility exhibited strong positive correlations (r=0.97; P<0.05) with all kinematic parameters, including VCL, VSL, VAP, DCL, DSL, and DAP (r>0.70). Protein bands in the 21-25 kDa and 50-75 kDa ranges were significantly correlated with motility parameters and the number of protein bands detected. In conclusion, Pesisir bull sperm exhibited normal motility kinematics, and 6-14 protein bands were identified as potential markers for semen quality assessment.

Keywords: Reproduction, CASA, Protein function, Molecular Weight, Electrophoresis.

Mushroom cultivation requires precise control of temperature and relative humidity to optimize yield. Mist irrigation is a cost-effective technique for creating favorable growing conditions, but its optimal duration remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine the effects of different mist irrigation durations on the yield of three Pleurotus mushroom species—P. ostreatus Hungarian, P. ostreatus, and P. eous—under controlled nursery conditions. Mushroom bags were incubated for 30 days and then placed in a nursery equipped with an automated mist irrigation system set to operate for 3, 4, or 5 minutes per hour between 08:00 and 17:00 over a 60-day production cycle. Yield per bag, temperature, and relative humidity were recorded daily. Results showed that the 4-minute irrigation treatment produced the highest average yields—229.33g for P. ostreatus Hungarian, 294.79g for P. ostreatus, and 237.44g for P. eous—representing a 12.50% increase compared to the 3-minute control. Relative humidity was inversely related to temperature; the highest humidity (91.70%) and lowest temperature (26.85°C) occurred under the 5-minute treatment, whereas the lowest humidity (71.09%) and highest temperature (28.42°C) occurred under the 3-minute treatment. The findings suggest that maintaining moderate humidity and temperature through optimized mist irrigation enhances Pleurotus mushroom yields, with a 4-minute duration per hour being the most effective under the tested conditions. These findings provide essential parameters for programming automated irrigation systems in smart agriculture applications.

Keywords: Automated environmental control, Evaporative cooling, Microclimate control, Smart agriculture, Water-use efficiency.

This study examined the interactive effects of biochar and urea fertilization on the growth performance, yield, and nutritional composition of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Romaine) under greenhouse conditions. Although biochar enhances soil structure and nutrient retention, its low nitrogen content often limits plant productivity. A randomized complete block design with ten treatments combining varying rates of biochar (1%, 2%, 3%) and urea (0, 75, 150 kg N ha⁻¹) was implemented using silt loam soil. Results indicated that the application of biochar alone at 2% increased shoot fresh weight and leaf number compared with the control. The combined application of biochar and urea significantly improved most growth and yield parameters compared with control and biochar-only treatments. The 2% biochar + 150 kg N ha⁻¹ urea treatment produced the tallest plants (21.75 cm) and the greatest shoot fresh weight (163 g), while 1% biochar + 150 kg N ha⁻¹ resulted in the highest shoot dry weight (26.75 g). Root dry weight peaked with 2% biochar + 75 kg N ha⁻¹ (21.25g). Root length remained unaffected. Biochemical analyses indicated enhanced crude fat (up to 5.03%) and crude fiber (up to 7.50%) under combined treatments, whereas higher nitrogen levels reduced total phenolic and flavonoid contents and suppressed DPPH radical scavenging activity. Macronutrient accumulation (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) was significantly elevated under biochar–urea integration, with optimal responses varying by treatment. In contrast, when biochar was applied without urea, plant nitrogen concentration decreased progressively with increasing biochar rates. Overall, these findings demonstrate that balanced integration of biochar and nitrogen fertilization can maximize lettuce yield and nutritional quality.

Keywords: Lactuca sativa, Nitrogen immobilization, Lettuce sustainable production, Poor soils, Biochar.

In 2025, the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia will reach 16.38 million ha, and has approached the carrying capacity limit of 18.15 million ha. Although the government had planned to impose a moratorium on oil palm plants (2018), new oil palm plantations by smallholders have grown significantly. Therefore, the study aims to identify the driving force and techniques of land clearing by smallholder oil palm farmers and analyse the strategy to delay carrying capacity threshold exceedance in smallholder oil palm plantations. The methods are FGD for stakeholders, NVivo and LFA. The results show that there are five driving factors: demographic, social, economic, political, and environmental. Economic factors are the most dominant driving factor. Based on stakeholder interview analysis, there are five LFA strategies to anticipate smallholder oil palm land clearing: (1) optimisation of old land improvements by local communities; (2) optimisation of communities to be able to obtain decent jobs; (3) diversification of palm oil plantation management to reduce the risk of falling palm oil prices, but can also improve the community’s economy; (4) collaboration between the central government and village governments in regulating policies related to integrated smallholder oil palm plantations; (5) implementation of certification for environmental sustainability. The significance of this study lies in its comprehensive assessment of the driving factors and implementation of the five strategies, so land clearing can be significantly reduced, to delay carrying capacity threshold exceedance, and supporting sustainable land management and improving environmental quality.

Keywords: Driving Force, Land Clearing, Oil Palm, Smallholder, Strategies.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of seven pesticides against the citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis, and assessed their impact on honey bees, Apis mellifera, under citrus orchard conditions. The toxicity of these pesticides to honey bee workers was also investigated using oral and contact exposure methods in a laboratory setting. The results showed that all tested pesticides achieved significant reductions in E. orientalis populations, with mean reduction percentages ranging from 88.3 to 92.6%. Toxicity tests showed Mancozeb 64% + Metalaxyl 8% was most toxic to honey bee workers, with the lowest LC50 and LC90 values (0.3 and 555.4 ppm orally; 1.7 and 217.2 ppm via contact) and shortest LT50 and LT90 values. Toxicity followed by Fenbutatin oxide, Acetamiprid, Flufenoxuron, and Chlorfenpyr. Spirodeclofen and Azadirachtin were the least toxic, showing the highest LC50 and LC90 values (283.9 and 8637.6 ppm orally; 334.9 and 164609.9 ppm via contact for Spirodeclofen; 32.2 and 5314.2 ppm orally; 73.9 and 5412.9 ppm via contact for Azadirachtin) and the longest LT50 and LT90 values. Under field conditions, all pesticides significantly increased honey bee worker mortality compared to the control. The tested pesticides also significantly reduced bee foraging activities. Notably, Acetamiprid and Fenbutatin oxide resulted in the highest mortality rates among worker bees, 52.5 and 41.6%, respectively. In contrast, Acetamiprid and Flufenoxuron led to the most significant decline in foraging activity, 56.1 and 54.6%, respectively. Acetamiprid resulted in the most significant reduction in nectar collection 40% and pollen gathering 50% among worker bees. As well as, Acetamiprid recorded the highest decrease in Area of worker brood/ colony, Pollen grains/ trap and Honey/colony 33.8, 43.8, and 30.6%, respectively. Spirodeclofen and Azadirachtin were found to be the safest pesticides for honey bee workers in both laboratory and field settings, making them suitable candidates for inclusion in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for citrus pests.

Keywords: Eutetranychus orientalis, Apis mellifera L., Citrus orchard, Pollinator safety, Toxicity, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus-enriched encapsulated rice husk biochar on morphophysiological characteristics and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in acidic alluvial soil. The experiment was conducted from May to September 2025 using a completely randomized design with six treatments: control (b0), conventional biochar at 10 tons ha⁻¹ (b1), biochar enriched with 25% phosphorus (b2), biochar enriched with 50% phosphorus (b3), encapsulated biochar with 25% phosphorus (b4), and encapsulated biochar with 50% phosphorus (b5). Each treatment was replicated four times. The novelty of this research lies in integrating sodium alginate-calcium chloride encapsulation technology with phosphorus-enriched rice husk biochar to achieve synchronized controlled-release tailored to rice nutrient demand throughout the growth cycle, addressing the specific challenges of phosphorus fixation in acidic alluvial soils. Results demonstrated that phosphorus-enriched encapsulated biochar significantly improved soil chemical properties. The b5 treatment increased soil pH from 4.41 to 5.22 and available phosphorus from 15.49 ppm to 580.91 ppm. Plant growth parameters showed substantial improvements, with b5 producing the highest plant height (134.5 cm), tiller number (34.1), leaf number (156.0), and dry weight (62.3 g) at seven weeks after planting. Yield components were significantly enhanced, with b5 achieving the highest panicle length (28.58 cm), productive tillers (30.13), filled grains per panicle (213.58), 100-grain weight (3.11 g), and grain yield per hill (92.58 g), representing a 25.0% increase compared to the control. The encapsulation technology demonstrated superior controlled-release characteristics, maintaining higher soil phosphorus availability throughout the growing season. These findings provide a sustainable and cost-effective strategy to enhance rice productivity on marginal acidic soils while reducing phosphorus fertilizer requirements by up to 30%, thereby contributing to both food security and environmental sustainability through reduced phosphorus losses and eutrophication risks in tropical agricultural systems. The technology’s potential for on-farm production using locally available materials facilitates scalability and adoption among smallholder farmers.

Keywords: Acidic Alluvial Soil, Biochar Encapsulation, Controlled Release Fertilizer, Phosphorus Enrichment, Rice Productivity, Soil Amendment.

Pectin-degrading enzymes are key biocatalysts in various agro-industrial processes, yet fungal pectin lyases remain underutilized due to limited strain productivity and insufficient alkaline stability. This study aimed to isolate a high-activity pectin lyase-producing strain of Penicillium cyclopium, optimize its physiological conditions for enzyme production, and evaluate the potential application of its enzymes in synthetic detergent formulations. Screening of fungal cultures was performed on high-esterified D-galacturonan at pH 8.5–10. Immobilized cultivation techniques were used to enhance biosynthesis. Physiological parameters such as carbon and nitrogen sources were optimized under batch and semi-continuous modes. The enzyme preparation was obtained via ethanol precipitation and characterized by pH and temperature optima, substrate specificity, and stability in detergent-like alkaline conditions. A novel strain, Penicillium cyclopium 2-11, was selected based on its high pectin lyase activity, which exceeded the parental culture by 6.6-fold. Optimal enzyme production was achieved using fructose and ammonium chloride as primary carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The enzyme preparation exhibited maximum activity at pH 10–11 and 50–60°C, with high specificity for both highly and lowly esterified D-galacturonan. The enzymes-maintained stability under alkaline conditions (pH 12) at elevated temperatures and improved detergent performance by 25%, while reducing detergent usage by half. The immobilized strain Penicillium cyclopium 2-11 represents a promising biotechnological source of pectin lyases with potential for eco-friendly, cost-effective applications in the detergent industry and other agro-industrial sectors.

Keywords: Penicillium cyclopium, Detergent biotechnology, Fungal enzymes, Agro-industrial application, Biocatalyst optimization.

Metagenomic analysis provides a cultivation-independent approach to comprehensively characterize microbial communities directly from their natural environments. This study aimed to profile the bacterial communities present in raw goat milk collected from two different goat breeds and farming systems in the Bogor region, West Java, Indonesia: Saanen goats (P1) and Peranakan Ettawah (PE) goats (P2). Raw milk samples were obtained from each farm and analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing based on the Nanopore platform. Taxonomic profiling was performed and visualized using taxonomic composition analysis, Venn diagrams, Krona plots, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Outcomes revealed distinct microbial compositions between the two samples. Kocuria rhizophila was identified as the dominant bacterial species in raw milk from Saanen goats (P1), whereas Lactococcus garvieae predominated in raw milk from PE goats (P2). These findings demonstrate that the microbiota of raw goat milk varies between farms and breeds, likely influenced by differences in management and environmental conditions. Full-length 16S Nanopore sequencing proved to be a useful tool for characterizing raw milk microbiota and provides valuable insights for improving raw milk safety and quality in smallholder goat farming systems.

Keywords: Goat milk, Metagenomics, Nanopore sequencing, Full-length 16S rRNA, Microbiota profiling, Smallholder farms, Food safety, Humid-tropical.

This study provides a thorough examination of the germination properties of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) grown for the first time in Western Morocco, with particular emphasis on thermal stress and the influence of seed aging. Two trials were performed: i) temperature response with seeds recently harvested (2025), examining four temperatures (16,19,26, and 35°C; 20 seeds × 5 replications; counted daily for 8 days), and ii) the longevity of seeds across 4 generations at 26°C (G1:2022, G2:2023, G3:2024, G4:2025). Eight physiological germination traits were quantified, including germination speed (8.05–9.63 day⁻¹ at optimal temperatures), vigor (73.0–100.0%), final germination percentage (100.0%), median germination time (1.0–2.0 days), mean germination time (1.00 ± 0.00 to 3.04 ± 0.44 days), mean germination rate (0.065–0.125 day⁻¹), daily germination speed (1.00 ± 0.00 to 0.265 ± 0.034 day⁻¹), and mean time to germination. Temperature had a marked influence on germination performance. The optimum temperature was 26°C, yielding 100% germination and the highest speed and vigor. In contrast, exposure to 35°C substantially reduced final germination (52.0 ± 7.58%) and vigor (28.0 ± 2.74%), indicating thermal inhibition at supra-optimal temperatures. Seed aging also had a pronounced impact. Seed aging had a major impact: the most recent lot (G4–2025) germinated rapidly (mean 1.00 ± 0.00 days; Daily Germination Speed 0.990 ± 0.022 days; vigor 99.0 ± 2.23%), whereas the oldest lot (G1–2022) was slower (mean 2.98 ± 0.22 days; vigor 61.0 ± 15.57%). ANOVA confirmed highly significant effects for both temperature (F = 1226.39, P<0.001) and seed generation (F = 321.28, P<0.001) on all traits. Accordingly, this multi-parameter study suggests that moderate sowing temperatures and harvesting seeds that are relatively fresh are critical to high germination success and effective agricultural management of chia in a semi-arid Mediterranean context. These are the first Moroccan data, and will support improvements in agronomy, seed lot modelling, conservation, and valorisation of chia among other priorities relevant to these efforts.

Keywords: Chia (Salvia hispanica), Seed viability, Temperature stress, Germination rate, Seed aging, Mediterranean agriculture.

Drought stress markedly constrains plant growth and productivity by disrupting physiological and biochemical homeostasis. Sorghum bicolor L., a drought-tolerant C4 crop, is an appropriate model for investigating hormone-mediated stress responses. This study evaluated the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and gene expression responses of local S. bicolor genotypes under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress, combined with exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactone (SL) treatments, including a post-stress recovery phase. PEG stress significantly reduced shoot and root length and root number (up to 48%), particularly in plants without hormonal application. In contrast, SL substantially improved shoot and root growth during both stress and recovery. The chlorophyll ratio decreased by 72% under PEG stress but was restored by SL and ABA+SL treatments, indicating improved photosynthetic resilience. PEG stress increased proline (45%), malondialdehyde (MDA; 55%), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; 10%) levels, consistent with drought stress and oxidative damage. Exogenous ABA and SL reduced lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, with SL showing greater efficacy in the local S. bicolor genotypes. Antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, and APX) increased under stress, with relatively higher activities observed under ABA treatment. Gene expression analyses revealed differential regulation of SbCAT, SbAPX, and SbSLAC1. Both ABA and SL strongly induced SbCAT and SbAPX, whereas SbSLAC1 was primarily upregulated under PEG stress combined with ABA. Overall, ABA and SL enhance drought tolerance in sorghum through coordinated activation of antioxidant defenses, drought adjustment, and stress-responsive gene expression, with SL playing a prominent role in promoting morphological recovery and maintaining redox balance during post-stress adaptation.

Keywords: Sorghum bicolor, Drought stress, Gene expression, Strigolactone, Abscisic acid.

Amid climate change and a deficit of irrigation resources, alfalfa selection faces the challenge of increasing adaptability to abiotic stresses, particularly drought and salinity. This study presents the results of a breeding program aimed at developing source forms of alfalfa through backcross hybridization of the wild species Medicago tianschanica Vass. with cultivated Medicago sativa L. Ecotypes differing in corolla coloration and morphological traits were collected from the West Tian Shan and involved in a multi-stage backcrossing scheme with progressive saturation of the progeny with M. sativa L. genes. Field evaluation was conducted under medium chloride–sulfate salinity conditions (1.0–1.5%) in the Kyzylorda Region of Kazakhstan. Out of 138 tested backcross-derived lines, 27 lines (19.6%) demonstrated high salt tolerance, maintaining plant spareness below 20% while preserving stable green mass and seed productivity. Backcrossing resulted in a reduction of seed hardness from 18.4–24.3% in the original wild forms to 6.8–10.1% in the BC3 generation, alongside an increase in erect bush forms and favorable pod morphology. The novelty of this study lies in the systematic use of M. tianschanica as a donor of adaptive traits under saline field conditions combined with phenotypic marker-based selection in successive backcross generations. The selected lines represent valuable source material for synthetic breeding programs aimed at developing alfalfa varieties with enhanced adaptability to salinity and arid environments.

Keywords: Alfalfa species; Adaptation; Backcrossing; Backcross progeny; Selections.

Late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans, remains a major constraint in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in Indonesia, particularly in Brebes, Central Java, a key potato-growing region. The objectives of the study are a) to isolate and characterize P. infestans populations from potato fields in Brebes based on morphological, molecular, and pathogenic traits; and (b) to evaluate the efficacy of a biofungicide formulation combining selected yeast isolates and nanoformulated clove oil under field conditions. A factorial field experiment was conducted using two potato cultivars (Granola and Median), two yeast isolates (Y6 and Y8), and two nano-clove oil concentrations (3 mL/L and 5 mL/L), applied as foliar sprays or in combination with seed treatment. Results revealed that the yeast isolate Y6 and nano-clove oil at 5 mL/L showed the most effective suppression of late blight. Notably, the combination of seed treatment and foliar application significantly reduced disease severity compared to foliar application alone. Further characterization isolates showed that ten P. infestans isolates were collected from infected potato plants and cultured on Rye B agar medium, producing white, cottony colonies with sporangia measuring 12.30–55.50 µm in length and 11.40–33.80 µm in width, with a length-to-width ratio of 1.00–2.90. Pedicel and papilla lengths ranged from 1.40–7.50 µm and 1.20–4.20 µm, respectively. The detached leaf assay on the cultivar Golden revealed five pathogenicity groups, while molecular identification using ITS region-specific primers confirmed all isolates as P. infestans. These findings highlight the potential of integrating yeast-based biocontrol agents with plant-derived nanomaterials as an environmentally sound strategy for late blight management and demonstrate the considerable genetic and pathogenic diversity of P. infestans in Brebes.

Keywords: Biofungicide; Nano clove; Pathogenicity; Phytophthora infestans; Potato.

The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria is a sustainable strategy for reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers in agricultural production. This study evaluated the biofertilizer potential of native bacteria in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) var. Fedearroz 2020, isolated from rhizospheric soils at the La Victoria experimental center (Monteria, Colombia). Ten samples were collected from soil at a depth of 15cm, which were mixed and used for the isolation of microorganisms in Burk’s medium. Biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and indole-3-acetic acid production were evaluated. Five treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design: inoculation of the bacterial consortium at concentrations of 10-6, 10-⁷, and 10-⁸CFU mL-1, chemical fertilization (urea, DAP, KCl), and a control without fertilization or inoculation. Isolate C1 showed the highest nitrogen fixation (3.831mg L-1), while C2 showed the highest phosphate solubilization (3171.2mg L-1) and indole-3-acetic acid production (35.99mg L-1). Molecular characterization identified C1 as Herbaspirillum sp. and C2 as Klebsiella sp., with no evidence of antibiosis. Inoculation of greenhouse plants with the bacterial consortium promoted significant increases in height, root length, number of tillers, fresh and dry weight, number of panicles, number of grains, grain yield, and nitrogen content, with no statistical differences compared to chemical fertilization. These results demonstrate the potential of the Herbaspirillum-Klebsiella consortium as a biofertilizer alternative in rice under controlled conditions.

Keywords: Herbaspirillum; Klebsiella; Biofertilizers; Oryza sativa; Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria.

Diverse microorganisms survive harsh environments that are beyond the limits of life. Environmental pollution has contributed to the unprecedented discharge of waste beyond the acceptable limit for microbial survival. Microbes surviving in environments with extreme/diverse pollution levels have learnt to thrive in all physiological, metabolic, and genomic senses. Extremophiles surviving in environments of extreme pollution have been described, and bioprospecting for such continues to be key to revolutionising discoveries in microbial diversity and biotechnology/industrial applications. Microorganisms with polyextremophilic characteristics have the added advantage of being able to adapt to highly polluted environments. Examples of such microorganisms include Caldibacillus, Geobacillus, Mycolicibacterium, Bacillus, Chelatococcus, and Aeribacillus spp. The current paper provides consolidated key highlights on diversity, adaptation, bioremediation potential, bioprospection, and recent developments in the microbiology of extreme and polluted environments. These details will help reveal the study’s progress in understanding the diversity and adaptation mechanisms for surviving toxic and harsh pollution settings, enabling bioremediation and other prospective and beneficial biotechnological applications.

Keywords: Extremophiles, Environmental pollution, Bioremediation, Bioprospection, Microbial diversity.

Cannabis has gained increasing economic importance in Thailand following recent regulatory changes. Cannabis sativa L. cultivar Charlotte’s Angel, a cannabidiol (CBD)-rich variety, is valued for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties without psychoactive effects. This study evaluated the effects of supplemental LED light spectra on plant growth, production efficiency, and CBD content of Charlotte’s Angel under greenhouse conditions. Six light treatments were examined: natural sunlight (control), blue:red LED ratios of 50:50 (B:R 5:5), 20:80 (B:R 2:8), and 80:20 (B:R 8:2), as well as two full-spectrum LED treatments (Full1 and Full2). Full1 produced the highest plant height, canopy width, and total biomass, indicating strong potential to maximize structural growth and yield. The red-dominant B:R 2:8 treatment significantly enhanced lateral branching, leaf production, and overall yield by 5-, 5-, and 1.8-fold, respectively, highlighting its suitability for biomass-oriented commercial production. Physiological analyses showed that B:R 2:8 and B:R 8:2 treatments most strongly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, while the balanced B:R 5:5 treatment exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and significantly increased CBD concentration and floral quality by 85%. Collectively, these results demonstrate that strategic LED spectral supplementation for day-extension in greenhouse systems can optimize biomass production, CBD accumulation, and production efficiency, offering a cost-effective approach for commercial cannabis cultivation.

Keywords: Spectral quality, Greenhouse cultivation, Cannabidiol, Antioxidant, Photosynthesis.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a single Beauveria bassiana powder formulation across two complementary pest–crop systems: cocoa–cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella) and maize–fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). The objective was to assess its broad-spectrum biocontrol potential by testing different concentrations, application methods, and culture durations under field and laboratory conditions. Field application on cocoa fruits (8–11 cm, two months old) significantly reduced pod borer infestation from 66.66% (control) to 27.77% (150 g formulation). Laboratory and field evaluations on maize indicated that the formulation with 75 g/500 mL water and maize flour achieved the highest spore density and 100% larval mortality at a 21-day culture duration. The treated maize plots also exhibited reduced pest incidence (30.1%) and higher yields (9.70 t/ha) compared to controls (42.1% and 8.83 t/ha). These results demonstrate that a single B. bassiana formulation can effectively suppress two major insect pests under distinct ecological conditions, supporting its role as a multi-target and broad-spectrum biocontrol agent. This integrative approach highlights the formulation’s potential contribution to sustainable and integrated pest management strategies in both cocoa and maize production systems.

Keywords: Beauveria bassiana, Biological control, Formulation, Culture duration, Cocoa pod borer, Fall armyworm.

Samosir local shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is an indigenous horticultural commodity valued for its unique aroma, strong flavor, and high market price. However, its productivity remains low due to small bulb size, genetic uniformity, and susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc), which causes Fusarium wilt leading to up to 50% yield loss. This study aims to enhance the productivity and disease resistance of Samosir shallot through genetic improvement using colchicine-induced mutation. This research was conducted using experimental design and analysis methods. Experimental research was conducted at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara and the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The research used three local Samosir shallot accessions (Pasaran, Siboro, Dosroha) derived from colchicine-induced mutation (0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm) in the previous study (generation M1V1). Agronomic parameters observed included plant height, harvest age, bulbs number, weight of bulbs, bulbs diameter and bulb grading. Flow cytometry analysis to determine the ploidy level of individuals in the M1V2 population. Biochemical traits such as total flavonoid and phenolic content were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Results showed that the 400 ppm colchicine treatment significantly increased the number of leaves and bulb yield in the Siboro accession, indicating an effective induction of stable polyploidy. However, high concentrations reduced growth in sensitive accessions such as Pasaran. The induced mutants exhibited variations in bulb morphology, chlorophyll content, and quercetin levels, suggesting enhanced genetic diversity and potential resistance mechanisms. The results show that colchicine induction is an effective strategy for developing high-yielding Samosir shallot lines, contributing to the conservation of local genetic resources and supporting sustainable food production.

Keywords: Allium ascalonicum L., Colchicine, Genetic improvement, Metabolomics.

Jordan’s agricultural sector faces intensifying water scarcity, placing strategic pressure on key food crops such as tomato, which accounts for 35.1% of national crop production. This study analyzed sixteen years of production and water quality data (2008–2023) from the Jordan Valley to evaluate tomato self-sufficiency responses to freshwater and blended treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. Stepwise regression, supported by ADF stationarity testing, was applied to quantify the dependency of tomato productivity on irrigation water quantity and quality indicators, including salinity and chloride concentrations. Results show that tomato self-sufficiency remains structurally stable over time, despite significant variation in water quality. A clear negative association was observed between self-sufficiency and rising chloride levels in blended wastewater, whereas overall electrical conductivity remained comparatively stable. Years of highest self-sufficiency coincided with the lowest chloride concentrations, indicating chloride, not bulk salinity, as the emerging limiting factor. These findings align with recent studies highlighting chloride-driven yield decline under wastewater irrigation. Tomato exhibited higher resilience than other staple crops, maintaining productive capacity even under declining freshwater availability. The study demonstrates that crop-specific irrigation standards, rather than uniform water allocation policies, could enable significant freshwater savings while preserving national food security. Integrating chloride monitoring thresholds, improving TWW management, and supporting farmer training and breeding programs can further enhance climate resilience. The outcomes directly support progress toward SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by promoting efficient water reuse and resilient food production systems under water scarcity.

Keywords: Chloride accumulation, Food security resilience, Salinity stress, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Treated wastewater reuse.

This study evaluated the phytochemical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Embelia philippinensis A.DC. extracts. Phytochemical screening, conducted according to standardized qualitative protocols, confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and glycosides in all plant parts. Antioxidant activity, measured via UV-Vis spectrophotometry, was highest in the leaves. Antimicrobial assays conducted using the disc diffusion method revealed that leaf and stem extracts strongly inhibited bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium, respectively. In antifungal testing, root extracts inhibited Aspergillus brasiliensis, while stem and leaf extracts showed activity against Candida albicans; however, all extracts were inactive against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These results support the traditional medicinal use of E. philippinensis.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Embelia philippinensis, Medicinal Plant, Phytochemical, Primulaceae.

Freshly harvested Job’s Tears seeds exhibit varying degrees of maturity and physiological dormancy. Dormancy breaking in the Poaceae family (Job’s Tears) can occur during dry storage, resulting in seed maturation. Therefore, the impact of seed maturity and storage duration during the ripening period needs to be evaluated in relation to changes in physiological traits and seed germination. This experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with seed maturity stages: immature (yellow), mature (light brown), overmature (white), and storage duration of 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after harvest. The results of the research indicate that the level of seed maturity at harvest and the duration of post-harvest dry storage play important roles in regulating physiological changes, dormancy release, and germination performance of Job’s Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen) through an after-ripening process involving changes in seed water status, membrane integrity, and the balance of GA and ABA hormones. Mature seeds (brown) showed optimal viability and vigor, as reflected by moisture content (14.87%), the lowest imbibition duration (27.33 hours), an EC value of 55.33µS/cm/g, a higher germination percentages (89.00%), faster germination rates (6.77%/etmal), and a higher vigor index (88.89%) with the best storage for 2–4 weeks, while immature seeds required longer storage to overcome partial dormancy. The findings of this investigation emphasize the value of selecting appropriate harvest maturity and implementing short-term controlled storage as an effective, low-input strategy to improve seed quality, uniform germination, and field development.

Keywords: After-ripening, Germination, Job’s Tears, Maturity, Storage.

The soils discussed in this article are widespread in the dry subtropical steppe and semi-desert zones. The primary objective of our research is a comprehensive study of the key, dominant biological indicators (phytomass, invertebrate composition, microbial abundance, total humus content), as well as some physicochemical soil properties. The comprehensive study covered both natural (virgin soil) and cultivated (alfalfa agrocenoses) biotopes. The results were systematically analyzed to clarify possible differentially developing cenotic relationships between individual biotope indicators. This approach allows us to approach the development of mountain gray-brown soils not only from the perspective of classical soil genetics, but also from the perspective of developing ecosystems in the dry subtropical steppe zone where these soils are found. For the first time for Karabakh steppe (Republic of Azerbaijan) where studied relationships between plant diversity and soil (Topsoil, Subsoil and Deepsoil) properties like qCO2, carbon use efficiency, SOC, soil carbonate, Electrical Conductivity, Soil pH, enzyme activities, Vegetation length. A new result of the study was the relationship between plant diversity depending on the carbonate content and organic matter of the soil. The current unsatisfactory state of the natural environment in many regions of the Karabakh necessitates the organization of ecological and biological research, which should be based on an assessment of the state of the environment and a forecast of the development of natural ecosystems during their further economic development.

Keywords: Agriculture, Invertabrates, Microflora, SOM, Biogeocenoses, Plant diversity.

The increasing demand for high-quality forage under land use constraints necessitates sustainable strategies to enhance productivity and nutritional value. This study investigates the effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the morphological traits, yield, fiber composition, and digestibility of three elephant grass varieties: Pakchong (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Pakchong), Biograss (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Biograss), and Dwarf Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott). PGPR was applied at varying levels to evaluate its impact on grass morphology and nutritional quality. Results revealed that PGPR significantly improved morphological parameters, including plant height, leaf area, and stem diameter, thereby increasing dry matter (DM) yield. PGPR also reduced fiber fractions, including Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), cellulose, and lignin, which are negatively correlated with forage digestibility. Enhanced digestibility was observed in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), in vitro ADF digestibility (IVADFD), in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDF), in vitro cellulose digestibility (IVCD), and in vitro lignin digestibility (IVLD), with optimal responses varying across grass types and PGPR levels. With its high biomass potential and adaptability to marginal soils, Pennisetum purpureum benefits significantly from PGPR application, making it a strategic resource for livestock feed and bioenergy. In conclusion, PGPR is a growth booster and an environmentally friendly approach to improving forage quality and productivity, particularly in land-limited agricultural systems. Its integration into forage cultivation supports sustainable intensification and contributes to resilient livestock feeding strategies.

Keywords: Dry matter yield, Growth booster, Marginal land, pennisetum purpureum, Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria.

Honey bee colony health relies on high-quality pollen, but shortages necessitate effective artificial diets. This study formulated chicken meat-based diets supplemented with livestock blood to meet macronutrient needs and evaluated their effects on growth, hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) development, lifespan, and gut microbiota. Diets were analyzed for protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, moisture, ash, and energy. Nurse bees received chicken blood-based (CB), mixed pollen (MP), or syrup-only (Sr) treatments in controlled cages; outcomes included HPG acini size, lifespan, and 16S rRNA gut microbiome profiles. Proximate analyses revealed balanced profiles: protein 12.7–15.7%, fat 4.7–5.1%, carbohydrate 45–46%, fiber 2.1–2.6%, ash 1.6–2.6%, moisture 30–34%, and energy 252.9–293.6 kcal/100 g. CB and MP diets yielded larger HPG acini and longer lifespans than Sr controls. The gut microbiome maintained diversity across diets; CB and MP promoted beneficial taxa while reducing pathogens, unlike Sr, which lowered diversity and enriched Bacillus. Chicken meat- and blood-based diets match natural pollen in supporting honey bee survival, physiology, and gut microbial balance. These findings pioneer cost-effective, protein-rich alternatives for sustainable apiculture.

Keywords: Alternative protein, Bee health, Chicken meat diet, Honey bee nutrition, Livestock blood supplement, Nutritional diet.

AFO cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L. var AFO) are the oldest cloves in the world originating from Ternate Island. The phenomenon of cloves’ ability to live long and be the oldest is one of the genetic expressions. This study aims to design specific primers for the amplification of the gene encoding the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) as a target gene in AFO cloves, to support further molecular studies. Primer design in the PCR process is very important because the primer will bind to the DNA template and then amplify the target sequence. Primer design was carried out in silico using MEGA 11, Primer 3 Plus, and Geneus software. The rbcL gene sequence of AFO cloves was obtained from DNA extraction and the NCBI BlastN database. The results of the primer design obtained primer pair Forward (5’-CTCCTGACTATGAAACCAAAGATAC-3’) and Reverse (5’-GACATTCATAAACTGCTCTACCGT-3’) did not find a hairpin structure and self-complementarity, so the primer will not form a secondary structure that can trigger dimerization, the designed primer pair also meets the criteria of length, melting temperature, and ideal GCcontent for PCR reactions. The primers that have been obtained can be used as a basis for developing molecular markers on AFO cloves from Ternate Island which are useful for variety identification, phylogenetic analysis, and breeding programs.

Keywords: AFO clove; Chloroplast rbcL; Primer design; In silico PCR; DNA barcoding.

This study examined the impact of climate change on grain crop yields in Kazakhstan and Russia between 1991 and 2023, highlighting the urgent need for adaptive agricultural strategies. The research focused on changes in weather patterns—specifically decreased precipitation and rising temperatures—in Northern and Central Kazakhstan, as well as in Russia’s Tula Region. Regression analysis was employed to address the relationship between these climatic factors and agricultural yields. The findings reveal a notable decline in precipitation during the growing season, with levels dropping from 158mm to 137mm in Northern Kazakhstan and from 267mm to 257mm in the Tula Region. Average annual temperatures have increased by 0.9°C in Kazakhstan and 1.3°C in Russia, intensifying the risk of droughts. The analysis demonstrates a strong correlation between crop yields and both precipitation and air temperature, underscoring the adverse effects of aridification on agriculture. In light of these findings, the study emphasizes the necessity for adaptation strategies, such as the adoption of drought-resistant crop varieties and the implementation of optimized water management practices. These measures are essential for strengthening agricultural resilience to climate change and ensuring sustainable development in the region. The insights gained from this research can inform effective government policies and agricultural programs to achieve long-term agricultural sustainability in Kazakhstan and Russia amid changing climatic conditions.

Keywords: Air temperature, Precipitation levels, Agricultural adaptation, Climate change, Ecosystem resilience.

This study assessed the effect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis as a biofertilizer on the germination and development of Raphanus sativus (radish). A semi-open photobioreactor with Zarrouk medium was employed for the cultivation of the cyanobacterium. The temperature was maintained at 32°C using a heater, and aeration was controlled through a 6/30 pumping cycle to ensure proper gas exchange. A 12-hour light/12-hour dark photoperiod was used with artificial fluorescent light. After harvesting, different biofertilizer formulations were prepared from dry biomass and cultures in the exponential phase, which were compared with a commercial fertilizer and a control treatment. Variables such as germination rate, number of leaves, stem height, leaf width, and survival rate were analyzed. The results showed that treatments with spirulina improved the germination rate, with treatments T2 and T4 showing the best results. Moreover, during the growth stage, these treatments significantly increased stem height, leaf number, and survival rate compared with the commercial fertilizer. Statistical analysis using ANOVA, Tukey’s test, and principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed significant differences between the treatments, supporting the effectiveness of the microalga-based biofertilizer as an alternative to conventional fertilizers, demonstrating its potential as a natural biostimulant.

Keywords: Biofertilizer, Biostimulant, Plant growth, Arthrospira platensis, Raphanus Sativus.

Potato productivity (Solanum tuberosum L.) is strongly affected by biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly viral infections and water deficit, which disrupt physiological processes and impair photosynthesis. This study investigated the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of five potato cultivars (Aliyans, Ulan, Narli, Babayev, and Tokhtar) to Potato virus M (PVM) infection, osmotic stress, and their combined impact (PVM+D). Antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase), photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll), and the expression of the stress-induced transcription factor StDREB2 were assessed at 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment. The results showed that drought imposed the most intense and prolonged stress, largely determining the magnitude of antioxidant and photosynthetic responses, whereas PVM infection triggered a rapid but transient stress reaction. StDREB2 expression was closely associated with overall physiological stress tolerance, integrating antioxidant defense and photosynthetic performance, while Rm primarily reflected cultivar-specific viral resistance. Cultivars Ulan and Tokhtar displayed high stress responsiveness, Aliyans exhibited a balanced adaptive strategy, and Narli and Babayev showed reduced tolerance across most parameters. Overall, drought exerted a stronger and more persistent effect on potato physiology than PVM infection, while combined stress induced an intermediate response. The identified cultivar-specific biochemical and molecular traits serve as valuable markers for assessing stress tolerance and potato breeding.

Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes, Drought stress, Gene expression, Photosynthetic pigments, Potato, Rm gene, StDREB2 gene, Stress tolerance, Viral infection.

The increasing demand for eco-friendly antifungal agents has driven interest in green nanotechnology. In this study, we report a novel, environmentally benign synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Prosopis juliflora leaf extracts, a plant rich in phenols, antioxidants, alkaloids, and flavonoids. AgNPs were formed by dropwise addition of the extract to a silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solution, indicated by a color change and confirmed by UV–Visible spectroscopy with a characteristic absorption peak at ~432 nm. Optimization revealed that 25 mL of extract added to 100 mL of 0.01 M AgNO₃ at 25 °C yielded highly dispersed AgNPs with 99.3% conversion efficiency. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed spherical nanoparticles sized 2–37 nm, and zeta potential analysis indicated good colloidal stability (–23.4 mV). The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited potent antifungal activity, inhibiting 65–80% of radial mycelial growth in Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at 250–1000 ppm. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the integration of P. juliflora bioactives with silver nanoparticles to create a green, sustainable, and highly effective antifungal agent, which has potential applications in agriculture as a natural fungicide to protect crops from phytopathogenic fungi.

Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, plant pathogens, Fungi.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the world’s major food crops. Increasing the quantity and quality of yields is carried out by hybridization of two superior parents. To accelerate the development of superior genotype homozygosity, this can be done by assembling double haploid lines through anther culture. This study aims to analyze the cytogenetic stability of the parents and hybrids of tropical aromatic rice japonica (Rojolele) × Inpari 32 and determine the best media for anther culture. The research was conducted from June to September 2025 at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. This study used a completely randomized design with 6 replications. The treatments consisted of F1 results from the cross of aromatic japonica rice (Rojolele) x Inpari 32. There were 4 formulations of callus induction media with different types of carbon sources and auxins. Cytogenetic analysis shows a diploid number of chromosomes (2n = 24) with varying shapes and lengths of chromosome arms. The best formulation medium for callus induction was Medium 1 (N6 supplemented with 2mg/L NAA, 0.5mg/L kinetin, 60g/L sucrose, 5mg/L AgNO₃, and 1g/L activated charcoal) produced significantly the highest early callus induction percentage (13.88%), and anthers from the apical part of the panicle showed a highest response than from the basal part.

Keywords: Auxin; Carbon source; Chromosome; Japonica; Karyotype.

Improving grain yield in co mmon wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) remains a paramount challenge for safeguarding global food security. This study conducted an analysis of the contribution of several productivity-associated genes (TaGS5, TaGW6, and TaKAO) within hybrid wheat populations. The study examined 250 hybrid lines of three populations of Chinese and Kazakh varieties Xn-10×Karagandinskaya 22, Xn-08×Karagandinskaya 29, and Xn-10×Karagandinskaya 30. These combinations showed the highest level of productivity in studies in two agroecological zones during the period 2018-2022. They were selected as promising samples for further study. Sequencing revealed one SNP in each gene. It was determined that the allelic variants TaGS5-A and TaGS5-C of the TaGS5 gene were significantly associated with enhanced grain yield, providing yield increments of +32.7 g/m2 (P=0.0031) and +26.7 g/m2 (P=0.033), respectively. However, no significant effects were observed in the Xn-10×Karagandinskaya 22 population. The effect of TaGW6 was found to be less pronounced and statistically non-significant. Conversely, the TaKAO-C allele exhibited a strong positive correlation with productivity (+36.2 g/m2, P=0.0012), thereby supporting its crucial role in grain mass formation, likely mediated by gibberellin biosynthesis. These findings are consistent with data from previous research, which highlights the variable contribution of distinct loci to yield traits. Consequently, TaKAO and TaGS5 are proposed as promising targets for marker-assisted selection (MAS), while TaGW6 could serve as a complementary locus. The present data advance our understanding of the genetic architecture underpinning wheat productivity and facilitate the development of more efficacious breeding strategies.

Keywords: Genotyping, SNP-markers, Spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L., Yield-related genes.

The mangrove ecosystem holds significant potential as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites produced by both mangrove plants and their symbiotic microorganisms. This study aims to identify mangrove species along the Merauke coastal area, isolate and characterize secondary metabolites from the plants and their symbionts, and evaluate their antibacterial, enzymatic, and antioxidant activities, including GC–MS-based analysis of bioactive compounds as a foundation for innovations in natural pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The methodology includes morphological identification of mangrove plants, phytochemical screening, isolation of microbial symbionts, molecular identification based on the 16S rRNA gene, antibacterial assays against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, enzymatic activity tests (protease, lipase, amylase), and chemical profiling using GC–MS. The results revealed five dominant mangrove species: Acanthus ilicifolius, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Avicennia alba, Pyrenaria microcarpa, and Ceriops tagal. Phytochemical tests confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, tannins, and flavonoids, with the highest antioxidant activity observed in A. ilicifolius and H. tiliaceus. Molecular identification of microbial symbionts yielded three species: Pseudoalteromonas maricolaris strain NCIMB 2033, Pseudoalteromonas piscicida strain 80953-1, and Photobacterium ganghwense. Antibacterial and enzymatic assays demonstrated variable activity levels, while GC–MS analysis identified major compounds such as oleic acid, methyl oleate, linoleic acid, and methyl palmitate. In conclusion, mangrove plants and their symbionts from the Merauke coast represent promising sources of secondary metabolites with bioactive properties that support the development of natural marine biotechnology–based pharmaceuticals and cosmetic innovations.

Keywords: Mangroves, Microbial symbionts, Secondary metabolite, GC–MS, Natural pharmaceuticals.

The cultivation of Brassica oleracea var. italica plays a crucial role in the Ecuadorian Andes’ economy, yet its productivity relies heavily on synthetic nitrogen fertilization, raising environmental and economic concerns. This study evaluated the efficacy of BlueN technology (Methylobacterium symbioticum) as a phyllosphere nitrogen-fixing inoculant to enhance broccoli yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE). A completely randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications was employed, interacting three BlueN doses (0, 1, and 2g L⁻¹) with four nitrogen fertilization levels (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended 150kg N ha⁻¹). Results demonstrated a significant non-linear response: foliar application of 1g L⁻¹ of M. symbioticum combined with 100% soil nitrogen yielded the highest head weight (1060.85g), a 45.56% increase over the control. Notably, the intermediate dose (1g L⁻¹) consistently outperformed the higher dose (2g L⁻¹), suggesting a niche saturation effect in the phyllosphere. Furthermore, the combination of 1g L⁻¹ with 75% nitrogen fertilization-maintained yields statistically comparable to the 100% nitrogen treatment (1040.31g). These findings validate M. symbioticum as a disruptive biotechnological tool for Andean horticulture, capable of substituting up to 25% of synthetic nitrogen inputs, thereby promoting sustainable intensification and reducing the carbon footprint of broccoli production systems.

Keywords: Nitrogen, Biofertilization, Methylobacterium, Yield, Sustainability.

Sugar palm fruit is the endosperm of palm tree fruit seeds processed by boiling. Palm trees (Arenga pinnata) thrive in West Sumatra and produce sugar palm fruits as the main horticultural product. This study aims to analyze the quality of sugar palm from various regions in West Sumatra, Indonesia. This study focuses on LC-MS/MS QTOF testing to identify the chemical components present in sugar palm fruit from South Solok (KS), Maninjau (KM), and Pasaman (KP). The results of this study indicate that there are differences in the chemical component analysis of sugar palm fruit. Each Arenga pinnata fruit has several compounds that distinguish it from other Arenga pinnata fruits from different regions. KS has 7 compounds, KP has 5 compounds, and KM contains 17 different compounds. Each sugar palm fruit contains the same compounds, specifically Arecatannin A1 and procyanidin B4. The study also examined the properties of color, moisture content, ash content, fat content, crude fiber, dietary fiber, protein, pH, and total polyphenols content. KS contained higher total polyphenols (fresh), protein, and ash content (fresh). KM samples had the highest moisture and dietary fiber content, and KP samples contained higher total polyphenols (dry), crude fiber, and fat content than the other samples. These findings indicate that the quality of sugar palm fruit in West Sumatra varies.

Keywords: Arenga pinnata, LC-MS/MS QTOF, Quality, Sugar palm fruit, Fiber.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of microencapsulated Flemingia and mangosteen peel extracts (mFMPE) as a potential provider of PC for in vitro rumen fermentation and methane production. The study was done with a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were added with mFMPE at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, and 6% of the total substrate. The inclusion of mFMPE substantially enhanced the in vitro dry matter degradability at 12 and 24 h. When 4% of the total substrate was added, the mFMPE showed the highest levels of propionate and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, while reducing the proportion of methane (CH4). Furthermore, ammonia-nitrogen concentration was significantly increased with mFMPE supplementation. Therefore, mFMPE exhibits significant promise as a valuable nutritional supplement for ruminant feed additives.

Keywords: Microencapsulation, Phytonutrient extracts, Tropical plant, Rumen ecology, Ruminants.