International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences

This study investigates the anatomical structure of the vegetative organs—leaves, petioles, and stems—of promising artichoke varieties, specifically Imperial Star and Violettto. A particular focus was placed on the anatomy of the petiole, alongside a comparative analysis of biometric indicators, to explore the relationship between organ strength and plant life forms. The findings revealed distinct structural diagnostic patterns in the morphological characteristics of these artichoke varieties. The insights gained not only facilitate accurate identification of plant specimens but also hold potential applications in botanical systematics. Additionally, the observed anatomical features serve as valuable tools for assessing the presence of biologically active compounds in various organs and tissues, extending their significance beyond taxonomy. Ultimately, this research enhances our understanding of the ecological adaptations of artichokes by illuminating the intricate anatomical structures of their vegetative organs.

Keywords: Anаtоmiсаl, Stоmаtа, Раrеnсhymа сеlls, Imреriаl Stаr, Viоlеttо, Cynara L.

Households in rural areas of Thailand use charcoal as their cooking fuel. This study aimed at assessing the risk of PM10, determining the exposure among rural cooks, and at measuring the PM10 levels in households that use charcoal as a cooking fuel in Ubon Ratchathani Province. The study included 400 people, who were living in homes with both open and closed kitchens. The data was collected by measuring the PM10 levels in the designated locations and administering the questionnaire to the participants. The standard NIOSH (0600) was used to collect the PM10 levels. The Environmental Protection Agency’s criteria were used to examine PM10’s non-carcinogenic qualities. The gathered data was subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis. The findings showed that the PM10 levels had been higher than the standard at every examined location, including homes with open and closed kitchens. In closed kitchens, the values peaked at 1,020µg/m³. Hazard quotient (HQ) studies have shown that residents in both types of kitchens had non-cancer health risks that are within acceptable ranges, despite the high PM10 levels. In conclusion, the elevated PM10 levels in closed kitchens highlighted the pressing need for improved ventilation, even though cooking with charcoal in rural houses does not pose a significant risk to non-cancer health. Interventions that are able to encourage different cooking methods and improve ventilation could significantly reduce exposure hazards and improve the air quality in such settings.

Keywords: Health risk assessment, PM10, Charcoal fuel, Cooking, Kitchen, Rural homes.

Maize plays a prominent role in fulfilling food and fodder demands in the industry. This study aimed to determine the effect of NPK fertilization on soil chemical properties and maize productivity. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five levels of NPK, organic, and CaCO3 fertilization treatments, each with five replications. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, followed by DMRT and Tukey’s test at P<0.05. The research results demonstrated the following initial soil chemical and physical characteristics: neutral soil pH, low organic carbon content, very low nitrogen (N) content, moderate phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) contents, moderate cation exchange capacity (CEC), very high calcium (Ca) content, and sandy clay loam texture. After fertilization with N, P, K, organic matter, and CaCO3, the following changes were observed: decreased soil pH, organic carbon, Ca content, CEC, and silt content, along with a significant increase in N, P, K, Mg, sand, and clay contents. The highest organic carbon, P, and K contents in maize biomass were achieved with 75% and 100% NPK fertilization, while the highest N content was observed with 50, 75, and 100% NPK fertilization. The best C/N ratio and the most optimal maize growth and productivity were obtained from 100% NPK fertilization. The highest maize yields were recorded with 75% (7,610kgha⁻¹) and 100% (7,690kgha⁻¹) NPK fertilization. The highest maize yields were recorded from 75% (7,610kgha⁻¹) and 100% (7,690kgha⁻¹) fertilization.

Keywords: Maize; Fertilization; Soil chemical contents; Biomass material; Productivity.

In this study, the hydrodistillation (HD) method and solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) have been used for extraction of essential oil from kaffir lime peel. The HD method was able to extract 0.650±0.020% of kaffir lime essential oil in 3h. While SFME provided an extraction yield of 0.615±0.021% under a microwave irradiation power of 800 W for shorter time (10min). The chemical components were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The peak area revealed that the main components were β-phellandrene (24.38%), D-limonene (17.03%), β-pinene (15.69%), citronellal (12.5%), and citronellol (4.16%). The microcapsules were prepared by complex coacervation method using Arabic gum and gelatin as the core material. The encapsulation yield, loading capacity, and encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules were 76.02, 28.4, and 62.07%, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy showed spherical-shaped microcapsules with a particle size of 4-7µm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy supported gum Arabic, gelatin, and kaffir lime oil components into the microcapsules. Last of all, the scented microcapsules were impregnated into textile materials. Further SEM analysis confirmed the finding to reveal that microcapsules anchored themselves onto fibrous textile surface. Thus, this study has provided the revelation that kaffir lime essential oil can be efficiently extracted by both HD and SFME. High-efficiency microcapsules in the form of spherical microcapsules composed of gum Arabic and gelatin with reasonable efficiency of the essential oil were used. The fabrication of the essential oil microcapsules was accomplished, and the microcapsules were immobilized onto textiles to be used as fragrance delivery systems.

Keywords: Solvent-free Microwave Extraction, Microcapsule, Encapsulation, Kaffir Lime Oil, Citrus hystrix DC.

Patin fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is a freshwater species with high economic value in the Indonesian aquaculture industry. South Kalimantan, Indonesia, comprises a significant population of Patin fish rich in essential fatty acids. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze fatty acids found in fish oil obtained from South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) was used to analyze fish oil samples extracted through the wet rendering method without purification. The results showed that the 21 distinct types of fatty acids in Patin fish oil were 41.7% of the total composition. These included elaidic, palmitate, linoleic, and oleic acids present in high amounts, while omega-9 oil content was greater than omega-3 and 6. Additionally, the analysis of the peroxide value of 0.32 meq/kg, which was still below the maximum level recommended for the category of fish oil worthy of consumption. Patin fish oil was found to contain essential fatty acids beneficial for improving human health and preventing degenerative diseases.

Keywords: Pangasius hypophthalmus, Fatty acids, Fish oil, Omega, Indonesia.

This study examined the heat stress tolerance of IPB-D1 chickens through physiological responses, behaviour during heat stress tests, body surface temperature, rectal temperature, and changes in corticosterone and triiodothyronine hormone levels. The chickens were raised under two different rearing systems: the intensive system (P0) and the free-range system (P1). A total of 90 chickens were reared in each system for 12 weeks. Heat stress tests were conducted using random sampling, with 15 chickens representing each rearing system, intensive (P0) and free-range (P1). Data were analyzed using an independent T-test. The results showed that behavioural parameters, including the time to start panting, time to start rapid panting, and wing spreading, were significantly higher (P<0.05) in chickens raised in the free-range system. Furthermore, based on delta tests conducted before and after heat stress for each rearing system, body surface temperature in the comb, shank, and spur was significantly lower (P<0.05) in free-range chickens (P1) compared to intensive chickens (P0). Meanwhile, for rectal temperature and changes in corticosterone and triiodothyronine hormone concentrations, both free-range (P1) and intensive (P0) chickens showed similar results.

Keywords: Body temperature, Free-range, Heat stress, Hormones, IPB-D1 chickens.

The sustainable development of agricultural human resources (HR) is a paramount challenge in modern agribusiness, particularly within faith-based educational settings. This study assessed the sustainability of agricultural HR development within Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) in West Java, Indonesia, using a comprehensive multidimensional approach that encompassed economic, social, environmental, technological, and institutional factors. Data from 300 students across four pesantren were analyzed using the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) method, which employed Rapid Appraisal for Agribusiness Boarding School (RAPABS) analysis. The findings revealed that agricultural HR development was “moderately sustainable”, with an index score of 55.79. The environmental dimension achieved the highest score (61.15), demonstrating the schools’ success in cultivating ecological awareness. Conversely, the technological dimension recorded the lowest score (52.83), highlighting the need for enhanced technology adoption and more robust post-harvest training. While the social and economic dimensions exhibited promise, they encountered obstacles related to market access and equitable profit distribution. Additionally, the institutional dimension emphasized the significance of stakeholder collaboration and reinforcing microfinance support. This study illuminated the unique role of Islamic boarding schools in harmonizing religious education with sustainable agribusiness strategies. It offered valuable insights for policymakers seeking to enhance agribusiness sustainability through faith-based education and advocated for future research on regional variations and long-term socio-economic impacts.

Keywords: Multi-Dimensional Scaling, Agricultural Human Resources, Sustainability, Islamic boarding school.

Food safety is critical to the food industry, particularly for high-consumption products like smoked fish. Non-compliance with production standards can increase the risk of microbiological contamination, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. This study endeavors to evaluate the appropriateness of production site locations, environmental conditions, and the conformity of buildings and facilities utilized in smoked fish production in Kendari City, Indonesia, with the standards stipulated in The Good Food Production Practices for Home Industries (CPPB-IRT). A descriptive observational study design involved 13 purposively selected smoked fish producers. Data were collected through direct observations using a CPPB-IRT-based checklist and classified according to the level of non-compliance (critical, serious, major, and minor). The findings revealed that all producers failed to meet the requirements for safe production site locations and environments, categorized as serious non-compliance. Regarding production buildings and facilities, only six producers (46.15%) had spacious production areas that were not mixed with other products, while other aspects such as flooring, walls, ventilation, and doors did not meet the standards. The primary factors contributing to non-compliance included limited resources, lack of awareness regarding hygiene and sanitation standards, and inadequate regulatory oversight. These findings highlight the need for interventions such as increasing producers’ awareness, providing technical training, and strengthening regulatory supervision to ensure food safety compliance. This study provides recommendations for producers and policymakers to enhance the quality of smoked fish production, thereby reducing contamination risks and safeguarding public health.

Keywords: CPPB-IRT, Food safety, Hygiene and sanitation, Production facilities, Smoked fish.

Foodborne diseases are an inevitable threat to Pakistan’s population. The rapid spread of gastrointestinal disorders has demanded the adoption of hygiene and quality practices. Understanding households’ awareness of food safety measures could play an essential role in planning an effective policy regarding implementing food safety measures to reduce foodborne diseases. Therefore, the current study investigated awareness of food safety practices among households. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect data from women’s households residing in District Jhang, Pakistan. A pre-tested paper-based questionnaire was prepared in their local language. The outcomes of the analysis showed that most households were highly aware of food safety practices. The households’ marital status significantly influenced their awareness of food safety. The study proposes that the Punjab Food Authority should arrange food safety programs and training sessions regarding the awareness of the health advantages of food safety practices.

Keywords: Food safety practices, Households, Women, Awareness, Punjab.

Fusarium oxysporum is a pathogenic fungus that damages shallot crops by causing Fusarium wilt disease. Managing this disease using antagonistic fungi offers an environmentally sustainable approach and a promising alternative to chemical treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of several unidentified endophytic fungi, Trichoderma harzianum Th-B18 and Dichotomomyces cejpii, as antagonistic agents for inhibiting the growth of F. oxysporum. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a single factor, endophytic fungi (B6, Si AA 10; Si AA 11), T. harzianum Th-B18, and D. cejpii as the antagonistic fungi, applied across six treatment levels. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. Additionally, descriptive analysis was also performed to evaluate the antagonistic properties of the tested fungi. The findings revealed that T. harzianum Th-B18 exhibited the most significant antagonistic activity, achieving the highest colony diameter (7.18cm) and inhibition rate of 75.14% on the twelfth day of observation, indicating a significant level of antagonistic activity. The endophytic fungi SiAA11 and B6 demonstrated moderate inhibition. Based on these results, T. harzianum Th-B18, along with endophytic fungi Si AA 11 and B6, show potential as biological control agents for managing F. oxysporum. The use of these fungi represents an effective and environmentally friendly strategy for combating Fusarium wilt disease.

Keywords: Biocontrol agent, Antagonistic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Inhibition rate.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a widely recognized spice and medicinal plant with significant economic, culinary, and therapeutic value. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ginger’s botanical description, phytochemistry, traditional and modern uses, pharmacological properties, clinical studies, safety, and toxicity. Ginger’s rich phytochemical profile, including phenolic compounds like gingerols and shogaols, contributes to its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Historically, ginger has been a cornerstone in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine, used to treat a wide range of ailments. Modern applications of ginger extend to managing nausea, pain, and metabolic disorders, supported by numerous clinical trials demonstrating its efficacy. Despite its widespread use, ginger’s therapeutic potential is often limited by variability in extract composition, small sample sizes in studies, and a lack of standardized formulations. Safety and toxicity studies affirm ginger’s low toxicity and general safety, although caution is advised for individuals on anticoagulant therapy or those with specific health conditions. However, studies have evaluated its acute toxicity by determining the median lethal dose (LD50), which is the dose that causes death in 50% of test subjects. For Aqueous extract, for example it is observed intraperitoneal route in rats (LD50 of 178mg/kg), intraperitoneal route (90%) in mice (LD50 of 1g/kg) in hydroalcoholic extract, etc. The review identifies significant research gaps, including the need for more comprehensive studies on the synergistic interactions of ginger’s bioactive compounds, long-term safety, and efficacy, as well as its potential in treating less-studied conditions. Additionally, there is a notable lack of genetic studies on ginger, which hinders the understanding of its genetic diversity and breeding potential. Addressing these research gaps will be crucial for advancing the scientific understanding and clinical use of ginger, ultimately contributing to the development of natural and holistic healthcare solutions.

Keywords: Ginger; Zingiber officinale; Phytochemistry; Traditional medicine; Clinical efficacy; Genetic studies.

A high-fat diet is known to negatively impact reproductive efficiency due to the accumulation of free radicals in testicular tissue, leading to damage in the testes, Sertoli, and Leydig cells. This disruption affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, which plays a critical role in spermatogenesis. Reducing saturated fat and total energy intake, along with probiotic supplementation, has been recommended to lower triglyceride levels in both humans and animals. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus subtilis as probiotics in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) subjected to a high-cholesterol diet. A total of 25 rats were divided into five treatment groups, with body weights ranging from 150–250g. Sperm morphology was assessed by analyzing the structural characteristics of 100 randomly selected spermatozoa stained with 0.05% eosin-Y. The sperm count analysis categorized sperm forms into normal and abnormal categories, including primary and secondary abnormalities, as well as sperm agglutination. A decline in motility was observed in the K+ group, which was given a high-fat diet, with values of 53.33±7.64 compared to the K- group with values of 83±1.75. Furthermore, the highest abnormality rates were recorded in the K+ group (11.67±4.93) compared to the K- group (4.67±1.15). However, after probiotic intervention, the KP3 group, which received a combination of Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus subtilis, demonstrated the highest motility and the lowest abnormalities, indicating its potential in mitigating the adverse effects of a high-fat diet.

Keywords: Probiotics, Spermatozoa, High-fat diet.

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of Plant Factory (PF) research in fruit crop production, mapping global trends, key contributors, and emerging topics from 2020 to 2024. Using Scopus as the primary data source, 13,593 initial documents were refined to 2,142 relevant studies based on inclusion criteria. Findings identify China as the leading contributor, with significant outputs on topics such as LED lighting, environmental control, postharvest quality, and productivity in fruit crops. Major journals include Scientia Horticulturae and Frontiers in Plant Science. Keyword co-occurrence analysis highlights key research clusters, including antioxidant capacity, yield optimization, and postharvest management, while emerging areas such as bioactive compounds and vertical farming suggest promising directions for future studies. The application of advanced technologies, such as IoT and AI, is identified as pivotal in improving PF systems’ efficiency and sustainability. This study fills a critical gap in the literature, providing a comprehensive framework to understand PF research trends and its implications for sustainable agriculture. By emphasizing innovative technologies and sustainability, the findings aim to guide researchers and policymakers in addressing global challenges in food security and environmental resilience.

Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, Fruit crop production, Precision farming.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a groundbreaking tool in agricultural extension and marketing that offers new ways to enhance productivity and efficiency. The study investigates the application of AI in the development of agricultural practice in Jordan from the perspectives of key stakeholders like farmers, agribusiness professionals, extension officers, and technology consultants. A cross-sectional survey with 380 participants was used to evaluate AI performance in agricultural decision-making and operational performance. The findings indicate moderate-to-high consensus on applying AI to increase productivity with mean ratings of 3.47-3.63. AI’s role in agricultural extension registered high consensus with mean ratings of 4.65-4.78 for its benefits, indicating its significant role in knowledge dissemination and resource use. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) findings validate the efficacy of the model in forecasting high composite reliability (0.988) and high correlation (r = 0.884) of AI adoption to better agricultural extension services. The findings are promising, even if the study recognizes limitations as data being cross-sectional in nature and self-report biases. In conclusion, for the realization of the full potential of AI in agriculture, investment is advised in AI training, infrastructure, and policy. The future research needs to analyze regionally and gender-differentiated gaps and identify the long-term implications of AI use in agriculture to ensure that there is sustainable development in agriculture.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Agricultural Extension, Marketing, Technology Adoption, Jordan, Structural Equation Model, Agriculture.

This study identified five CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator gene) gene mutations, which show high-frequency significance. We set a goal to study CFTR gene mutations in a population of the Azerbaijan Republic. Between 2015 and 2020, 1,344 (1,144 experimental and 200 control group) individuals from the Baku, Sheki-Zagatala, Guba-Khachmaz, and Lankaran-Astara zones of Azerbaijan participated in this study. A family study was conducted to identify cases similar to those with cystic fibrosis. Of these, only 18 patients in the experimental group were found to have various mutations in the CFTR gene. Sweat tests were done. To address the task at hand, we employed the molecular-genetic method. Blood samples of patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis were analyzed using exome and Sanger sequencing. We found 5 mutations for the CFTR gene. They are as follows: Phe508del, R117H, R334W, R553X, İVS8-5T and L322P (novel mutation). We were the first to describe mutation L322P (965 T>C (Leu322Pro)) in Azerbaijan, which has no reference sequence results in NCBI. Thus, in the studied samples, two mutations—R334W and L322P—were found in exon 4 of the CFTR gene, one new mutation (L322P) in exon 7, the ΔF508 mutation in exon 10, and the R553X mutation in exon 11. The protein structure was analyzed using the Swiss Model program (www.swiss-prot.org). The novel L322P mutation, detected in exon 7 of the CFTR gene, was accompanied by the substitution of thymine with cytosine at position 965 of the gene, substituting leucine with proline in the protein structure. A novel mutation was detected in 1 patient from 1344 samples. Early molecular genetic screening of newborns is essential for preventing cystic fibrosis. In this regard, our research is of great importance.

Keywords: Cystic fibrosis, Bioinformatic Analysis, CFTR gene, Enzymes, Novel mutation

Upland rice, a key food source for farmers, is often studied to improve food production. This study aims to determine the optimal level of nitrogen required for upland rice under intercropping system and to determine suitable legumes that complement for the growth and yield of upland rice base intercropping. The experiment involved two factors where factor A consists of levels of nitrogen, and factor B consists of a cropping system. Measurements included leaf area index, dry matter yield, land equivalent ratio for rice and legume. For rice, the number of panicles, field grains per panicle, 1000-seeds weight, and yield; and for legumes intercropped is the number of branches and pod per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, and seed yield. The best results were achieved when rice was grown with cowpeas and fertilized with 60kg of nitrogen per hectare, producing a rice yield of 1,492kg per hectare. Cowpea intercropping also showed a 26% increase in land equivalent ration (LER of 1.26) compared to growing rice alone. These were attributed to a high number of filled grains per panicle and 1000 seed weight. Growing rice with mungbeans resulted in a higher mungbean yield over cowpea of 819.54kgha-1. However, the aggressive growth of mungbean by having more parallel branches and high LAI caused intense shading to its rice counterpart, which resulting in lower rice yield of 878.70kgha-1 and lower LER of 0.99. Therefore, the most suitable legume for intercropping rice is cowpea because it complements upland rice growth.

Keywords: Intercropping, Sole crop, Levels of nitrogen, Cropping system, LER.

Extremophilic organisms, which thrive in extreme environments such as geothermal hot springs, polar ice caps, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and saline lakes, have emerged as a promising source of industrial enzymes. These enzymes are highly valued for their exceptional stability and catalytic activity under harsh conditions, making them indispensable in various industrial sectors, including biofuel production, food processing, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. Key enzymes these organisms produce, such as cellulases, xylanases, lipases, proteases, and amylases, are crucial for lignocellulosic biomass degradation, fat hydrolysis, and protein breakdown. Recent advancements in enzyme isolation, characterization, and optimization have provided significant insights into the molecular mechanisms that enable extremophilic enzymes to withstand extreme pH, temperature, and salinity variations. This review explores the enzymatic potential of extremophilic organisms and the challenges and opportunities associated with scaling up enzyme production, particularly through fermentation techniques like submerged and solid-state fermentation. Additionally, we examine the ecological roles of these organisms in their native habitats, highlighting the untapped potential for discovering novel enzymes by exploring underexplored ecosystems. Given their remarkable stability, broad substrate specificity, and resilience to extreme conditions, extremophilic enzymes hold great promise as robust biocatalysts in sustainable and eco-friendly industrial processes. Ongoing research into extremophilic communities and their enzymes offers exciting opportunities to unlock new, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable applications in biotechnology.

Keywords: Extremophilic community, Industrial enzymes, Biocatalysts, Enzyme optimization, Sustainable processes.

This study aims to characterize the phenotypic traits of the first generation (G1) of the Kokok Balenggek Chicken (KBC), which was designed through assortative mating. A total of 56 KBCs (8 males, 48 females) were used in four breeding schemes (BS-1 to BS-4) with a 1:6 mating ratio. Chickens were housed in a pen for mating. The observed variables included hatch and hatch egg weight, feather color, beak color, shank color, and growth for 10 weeks. The acquired data, such as mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation, were examined descriptively. The research findings indicate that the hatch weights were as follows: BS-1 (24.75g), BS-2 (23.50g), BS-3 (25.00g), and BS-4 (24.00g). Feather color dominance varied: BS-1 (white, 77.78%), BS-2 (black, 100%), BS-3 (striped, 27.27%), and BS-4 (striped). Beak colors were predominantly yellow in BS-1 (97.22%), black in BS-2 (87.50%), and yellow in BS-3 (72.73%) and BS-4. Shank colors followed a similar pattern: yellow in BS-1 (97.22%), yellowish black in BS-2 (50%), and yellow in BS-3 (72.73%) and BS-4. Chick growth was uniform across all breeding schemes, showing an upward trajectory from 4 to 10 weeks. The findings suggest that assortative mating can contribute to developing a new KBC breed.

Keywords: KBC, Assortative mating, First generation, West Sumatra.

Probiotics, live microorganisms conferring health benefits when administered in adequate amounts, are increasingly explored as feed supplements to enhance intestinal health, productivity, and animal welfare. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic potential of Kluyveromyces marxianus as a feed additive through in vitro assessments. The strain, preserved in YPD medium and molecularly identified via ITS gene sequencing using the BLAST algorithm, was confirmed as Kluyveromyces marxianus (strain CLARA-E). The yeast’s resilience to environmental stressors, including temperature, pH, bile salts, and high sodium chloride concentrations, was tested, alongside its glucose fermentation capacity. Results indicated optimal survival at pH 5.6, 0.1% (w/v) bile salts, and 43°C, with notable tolerance to elevated NaCl levels. Glucose fermentation was confirmed by gas production in Durham tubes. These findings suggest that K. marxianus CLARA-E exhibits promising probiotic properties, such as stress tolerance and metabolic activity, positioning it as a potential feed additive to modulate intestinal microbiota and enhance immune responses. However, further in vivo studies are necessary to validate its efficacy and beneficial effects in animal models. This research underscores the potential of native microbial strains in developing sustainable alternatives for animal nutrition and health.

Keywords: Gut microbiota; Bile salt tolerance; Yeast fermentation; Microbial biotechnology; Animal health enhancement.

Limited access to technology and the lack of standardized post-harvest practices among cocoa producers contribute to variability in cocoa beans quality, which compromises their commercial value. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fermentation and drying practices on the physical, chemical composition, and sensory characteristics of CCN51 cocoa beans. Dried fermented beans (DFBs) were obtained from 10 producers in the Monzón Valley (Huánuco, Peru) and analyzed using a completely randomized design (CRD). Both the fermentation (30.2 to 36.5°C and 3 to 6 days) and drying processes (31.9 to 48.0°C and 3 to 6 days) were monitored, revealing variability which was associated with climatic factors and artisanal processing practices. Additionally, the DFBs showed significant differences in weight, thickness and color. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified three cluster of producers. Samples from the most representative producer of each cluster were compared with a common variety (control), showing differences in proximate composition, phenolic compounds and FT-IR spectra, revealing specific patterns linked to their origin. In terms of sensory characteristics, the flash profile showed similarities between two producers, while one sample showed similarities with the common variety. These findings highlight the effect of the original post-harvest practices on the compositional characteristics and sensory attributes of cocoa beans.

Keywords: CCN51 cocoa beans; Drying; Fermentation; Flash profile; Polyphenols.

This study evaluates the physical and chemical quality of corn kernels supplied to a feed mill in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, focusing on identifying key parameters affecting feed safety and quality. A total of 1,781 corn batches were analyzed for physical quality parameters, including moisture content (Mc), damaged kernels (Dk), moldy kernels (Mk), broken kernels (Bk), and foreign materials (Fm), based on SNI-8926 2020 standards. Chemical quality was assessed through proximate analysis of 60 randomly selected samples, measuring ash content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Descriptive analysis showed an average Mc of 26.5±5.42%, Dk 1.02±0.63%, Mk 1.78±1.17%, Bk 1.12±0.44%, and Fm 0.86±0.29%. Chemical parameters exhibited significant variability, with crude fat and ash content showing the widest ranges. High moisture content, which frequently exceeded SNI thresholds, emerged as the primary challenge, creating conditions conducive to mold growth and increasing the risk of mycotoxin contamination. While most physical quality indicators, such as Dk, Fm, and Bk, largely met premium and medium-grade standards, Mc variability was a critical concern. This study highlights the need for improved drying and handling practices to mitigate moisture-related issues in corn quality. Based on a single feed mill in South Sulawesi, the findings provide insights into regional corn quality challenges and underscore the importance of stricter adherence to quality standards to ensure feed safety and integrity.

Keywords: Corn Kernel, Feed Ingredient, Feed Mill, Physical Quality, Poultry.

Insect pests that damage pasture plants’ reproductive organs and seeds significantly affect plant communities by disrupting the natural regeneration of vegetation. In south-eastern Kazakhstan, which is characterised by a dry climate and strong anthropogenic pressure, this leads to the degradation of pastures. It is therefore important to investigate the biotic factors that influence plant productivity in these ecosystems. The research was conducted from 2019 to 2023 in the desert pastures of south-eastern Kazakhstan. The study covered sandy, rocky and saline steppes, all of which have an arid climate and extreme temperatures. The main plant species studied were Haloxylon ammodendron and various pasture plants, including Artemisia terrae-albae, Bassia prostrata, Eurotia ceratoides, Camphorosma songorica, and Salsola orientalis. Insect sampling was carried out using route surveys and standard entomological methods. The study identified 96 insect pests from five orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Thysanoptera) representing 16 families. Based on their food preferences, 26 species were categorized as polyphagous, 25 as oligophagous, and 45 as monophagous. The greatest species diversity was observed among insects that damage seeds, seedlings, shoots and reproductive plant structures. Based on their seasonal activity, insect pests attacking the reproductive organs and seeds of saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron) and pasture plants were categorized into three groups: indirect pests, free-living pests and hidden pests. It was found that insect pests that attack the generative organs and seeds of saxaul and pasture plants have a significant impact on their reproductive capacity and the dynamics of plant communities. The communities of Haloxylon ammodendron and Artemisia terrae-albae were the most susceptible and experienced periodic outbreaks of specialized phytophagous insects. These results contribute to the development of strategies for biological pest control and sustainable pasture management.

Keywords: Insect pests, Species composition, Pasture plants, Saxaul, Desert zone, Seasonal activity fluctuations, Trophic relationships.

Biofertilizers are valuable resources that supply indispensable nutrients for plants, improving the physiological development and agronomic quality of crops, producing vegetable hormones, supporting and promoting a sustainable agricultural production. This study focused on evaluating the impact of an Enterobacter cloacae-based biofertilizer on the growth and performance of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz), MCOL 2066 variety (Chirosa). The traits associated with plant growth promotion were evaluated employing a biotest under controlled greenhouse conditions, using a completely randomized experimental design. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals the confirmation of Enterobacter cloacae isolates (strain S105E PP405613.1 and FB105B PP761660.1). Under in vitro conditions, it was found that the isolates produced indole acetic acid, solubilized P and fixed nitrogen. The phosphorus (P) solubilizing activity was associated with a simultaneous decrease in the medium’s pH (pH 7.0-<4.5). It was found that the biofertilizer induced a significant increase in plant height, root development, and biomass accumulation. As a result, these Enterobacter cloacae isolates could be further formulated for field applications.

Keywords: Indole acetic acid, Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Colombia, Cordoba department.

The article examines the efficiency of growing multi-component grass mixtures for enclosed pastures given the plants’ resistance to trampling to obtain high-quality products with minimal material and energy resources. Field experiments were conducted in the steppe zone of North Kazakhstan. The results suggest that the superior grass mix is the Optima Yug multi-component pasture grass mixture, which includes 30% perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), 25% tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), 15% smooth brome (Bromopsis inermis), 15% cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata), 10% annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and 5% white clover (Trifolium repens). The yield of green mass from Optima Yug reaches 23.4 t/ha, 4 times greater than the control. Bioenergetic assessment of phytocenoses further confirms the advantage of Optima Yug, which provides 78.9GJ/ha of metabolic energy and 0.81 t/ha of digestible protein. The best two-component pasture grass mixtures are those combining Russian wild rye (Psathyrostachys juncea) with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus) with alfalfa (M. sativa). Increased protein content in the grass mixtures translates into significantly more produced feed protein. The significance of this research is determined by its contribution to knowledge pertinent to solving the problems of developing efficient technologies to improve the productivity and rational use of pastures, which will allow utilizing the full potential of agrocenoses and stabilizing the development of animal husbandry in the steppe zone of North Kazakhstan.

Keywords: Multi-component grass mixture, Yield, Enclosed pastures, Nutritional value of feed.

Predatory nematodes are free-living organisms with significant potential to functional as biological control agents against plant-parasitic nematodes. This study investigated the diversity, molecular characterization, and biocontrol potential of predatory nematode from natural soil ecosystems in Thailand. Comprehensive soil sampling from riverbanks and pond ecosystems yielded three predatory nematode genera from the orders Mononchida and Dorylaimida: Mylonchulus sp. (43% occurrence), Mononchus sp. (39.5%), and Paractinolaimus sp. (17.5%). Molecular identification based on 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences, coupled with morphological examination using De Man Formulae, confirmed the species as Mylonchulus hawaiiensis, Mononchus tunbridgensis, and Paractinolaimus sp. The most abundant species, Mylonchulus hawaiiensis, was selected for targeted bioassays to assess its predation efficacy against Meloidogyne enterolobii, a major root-knot nematode affecting chili crops in Thailand. Experimental results revealed that Mylonchulus hawaiiensis is an active predator of Meloidogyne enterolobii second-stage juveniles (J2s), with an average daily consumption of 16.1 J2s and a cumulative total consumption of 80 J2s over five days. This study provides the first comprehensive documented evidence of Mylonchulus hawaiiensis as a potential biocontrol agent against Meloidogyne enterolobii in Thailand. Although confined to laboratory conditions, these findings establish a critical foundation for future field-based research. The study underscores the potential use of predatory nematodes in developing sustainable, environmentally friendly pest management strategies for agricultural systems.

Keywords: Biological control, Chili, Nematode identification, Predatory nematodes, Root-knot nematodes.

This study evaluated the major mineral content, physical characteristics, and sensory acceptability of composite juices formulated from different proportions of Cucurbitaceae fruits, including watermelon, cantaloupe melon, sky melon, and cucumber. The juice formulations consisted of three ratios of watermelon (W): cantaloupe melon (CM): sky melon (SM): cucumber (C), namely P1 (4:3:2:1), P2 (2:4:3:1) and P3 (4:2:1:3). Sensory evaluation involving 25 panelists was conducted to assess color, viscosity, taste, aroma, and overall acceptability. Physical and chemical properties analyzed included color values (L*, a*, b*), viscosity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, and mineral content (potassium, sodium, and phosphorus). The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) among the three formulations. P1 was the most preferred, receiving the highest scores for taste (3.89±0.33) and overall acceptability (3.68±0.56), which may be attributed to its balanced composition and higher watermelon proportion that enhanced sweetness and aroma. Physically, P1 also demonstrated the highest TDS, indicating a greater concentration of soluble solids. In terms of mineral content, P2 contained the highest potassium level (81.12mg/100g), while P3 had the highest sodium content (8.07mg/100g) and the lowest pH, indicating higher acidity. These findings suggest that formulation P1 (4:3:2:1) offers the most favorable combination of sensory quality, physical stability, and nutritional benefits, making it a promising functional beverage for supporting health and vitality.

Keywords: Composite, Cucurbitaceae, Juice, Major elements, Vitality.

Advancing precision agriculture requires materials that enhance the performance and sensitivity of soil-monitoring technologies. This study explores the synthesis and characterization of graphene-like carbon nanomaterials obtained via arc discharge method, assessing their suitability for use in agricultural soil sensors and moisture detection systems. Graphene-based nanomaterials were synthesized using graphite electrodes in an inert nitrogen atmosphere under arc discharge conditions at 75V with variable current strengths (50–400A). The synthesized materials were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and BET surface area analysis. Their electrophysical properties including dielectric permittivity, electrical resistance and conductivity were evaluated across a temperature range of 293–483K and frequencies of 1, 5, and 10kHz. The synthesized nanomaterials demonstrated multilayer graphene structures with high degrees of graphitization and long-range order, verified by characteristic 2D Raman peaks. SEM imaging revealed flake-like graphene morphology with high specific surface areas (up to 159.7m²/g). Dielectric permittivity values exceeded 10⁸ at elevated temperatures, and the materials showed semiconductor behavior across the measured range. These properties suggest strong potential for enhancing sensitivity and performance in soil moisture and conductivity sensors. Graphene-like nanomaterials produced via arc discharge exhibit the structural, electrical, and thermal stability necessary for application in agricultural sensing devices. Their high permittivity and conductivity make them excellent candidates for integration into soil moisture monitoring systems, contributing to more efficient water use and improved crop management in precision agriculture.

Keywords: Graphene, Arc Discharge, Graphite, Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs), Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs).

The rapid growth of industries and motorized vehicle use has increased heavy metal contamination, particularly lead (Pb), which is toxic even at low concentrations. Biosorption using Sansevieria trifasciata (snake plant) extract offers a natural alternative due to its bioactive compounds with metal-binding abilities. This study examined the effects of extraction time and ethanol solvent ratio on lead absorption using maceration and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a central composite design was applied, testing extraction times (1, 3, 5 days for maceration; 60, 120, 180 seconds for MAE) and ethanol ratios (5:1, 8.5:1, 12:1 for maceration; 8:1, 10:1, 12:1 for MAE). Lead absorption was measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), and phytochemical tests were conducted for phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction time and solvent ratio interaction significantly influenced both lead absorption and bioactive compound levels. Optimal maceration conditions (1 day 21 hours, 5.40:1 ethanol ratio) achieved 74.02% absorption, while MAE (60s, 12:1 ratio) reached 78.45%. MAE extracts contained higher levels of bioactive compounds than fresh leaves, but concentrations decreased after biosorption, likely due to binding with lead ions. The most notable reductions occurred in phenolic and saponin contents, indicating their vital role in metal chelation. MAE showed better efficiency than maceration. These findings confirm that extraction conditions critically affect biosorption performance and highlight S. trifasciata extract as a promising, eco-friendly biosorbent for lead removal in food and environmental applications.

Keywords: Biosorption, Lead, Microwave-assisted extraction, Sansevieria trifasciata.

Ambiguous genitalia in a calf refers to genitals that are not distinctly male or female, often indicating an obstructive or structural issue in the urinary system. An 8-month-old native calf weighing 80kg was presented with anuria and abdominal swelling at the Large Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Physical examination revealed the absence of external genitalia, abdominal distension, and 8% dehydration, though vital signs were normal. Soft tissue edema extended from the prepubic to the xiphoid region, with fluid seeping from the swollen area. Only an orifice on the lower abdomen was observed. Radiographs confirmed fluid accumulation in the abdominal area. A voiding urinalysis and ultrasonography were performed to locate the bladder. A perineal urethrostomy was then conducted, and a Foley catheter was inserted to dilate the urinary opening before closing the bladder. A Penrose drain was placed to release subcutaneous fluid. Post-operative care included a 7-day course of antibiotics, 5 days of NSAIDs, and stitch removal after 14 days. The patient recovered well, resuming normal feeding and urination through the newly created opening.

Keywords: Ambiguous genitalia; Anuria; Calf; External sex organ; Perineal urethrostomy.

In the introduction and cultivation of plants, it is important to take into account factors in naturalgrowth conditions. This is ofgreat importance in many respects, ensuring the normal course of the strategy of adaptation of plants to cultural conditions, while preserving their beneficial properties, including the quantitative and qualitative indicators of secondary metabolites. Chelidonium majus L. (Russian: Chistortel bolshoy; English:greater celandine), a member of the Papaveraceae family, is a medicinal plant thatgrows naturally mainly in temperate regions. In Uzbekistan, this plant is used to treat various diseases of humans and domestic animals. Since there are no natural reserves of Chelidonium majus L. in Uzbekistan, it wasgrown in plantation conditions and the role of environmental factors on the biomass indicators of medicinal raw materials during thegrowing season was assessed. It was observed that the biomass indicators of the raw material organs of the plant initially increased depending on the age of its vegetation and sharply decreased in the last vegetation year. It was found that the raw material biomass and dry matter content of the plantgrown under artificial shade was significantly higher than that of the plantgrown under direct sunlight.

Keywords: Chelidonium majus, Above- and below-ground organs, Wet and dry biomass, Dry matter, Sunlit and shaded plantations.

The Republic of Azerbaijan exhibits significant regional variation in historical development, as well as ecological, economic, and geographical characteristics. This study focuses on the East Zangezur Economic Region, situated within the Lesser Caucasus, encompassing 744.8 thousand hectares. A combination of ecological, pedological, mathematical-statistical, visual, cartographic, and laboratory methods was employed in the investigation. Based on the analysis of fund and cartographic materials, a “Soil Map of the East Zangezur Economic Region” (scale 1:100,000) and a Digital Terrain Model Map were developed. An analysis of the distribution of agricultural lands by purpose within the economic region revealed that most of the land is used for pastures and livestock grazing 209.8 thousand hectares (69.03%) while cultivated agricultural land accounts for 59.3 thousand hectares (19.51%). Given the soil and ecological requirements of agricultural crops in the East Zangezur Economic Region, it is advisable to allocate more arable land for grain and vineyards in the Jabrayil district, while orchards, tobacco, potatoes, and vegetables should be prioritized in the Gubadli district. In the livestock sector, the Lachin district has the highest potential for meat (5.4 thousand tons) and milk production (23.9 thousand tons). Furthermore, the study analyzed the spatial distribution of mineral and non-mineral resources, as well as tourism assets, across administrative districts. Notable mineral deposits include the Soyudlu (Zod) gold deposit (125.5 tons), the Agyatag mercury deposit (1,050 tons), as well as deposits of onyx (1,756 tons), nephrite (801 tons), obsidian (2,337 tons), and perlite (4,473 thousand m³). These findings were integrated into a comprehensive resource distribution map for the East Zangezur Economic Region.

Keywords: East Zangezur, Soil cover, Mineral resources, Tourism, Agriculture.

One of the main threats for coffee production is coffee leaf rust (CLR) caused by H. vastatrix. CLR research have predominantly focused on qualitative host-pathogen interactions, however, studies of quantitative aspects of the interaction of coffee and H. vastatrix are less documented. Therefore, this information is crucial for understanding the potential impact of new CLR races, coffee resistance durability and preventing new CLR outbreaks. In this experiment, we evaluated the aggressiveness of different populations of H. vastatrix and the effect on some ecophysiological parameters on coffee cv. Bourbon. Urediniospores of H. vastatrix were collected from coffee farms in La Convencion, Cusco. A total of 15 populations were obtained (from 1RS to 15 RS). The urediniospores were inoculated on coffee cv Bourbon in San Ramón (Chanchamayo). The aggressiveness (in term of Period of incubation, Frequency of infection, Latent Period and Medium latent period) and fluorescence (through OJIP analysis) were examined. It was recorded that a mean period of incubation, latent period and medium latent period for all the coffee leaf rust populations ranged from 18-20.22, 28.1-33 and 32-38.14 days after inoculation (dds). The variation in the infection period was of 2.75-8 degrees. 3RS were also less aggressive than 5RS. At 41 degrees, we observed that the level of chlorophylls fell significantly, ranging from 4.6 to 31.15%. Regarding to OJIP analysis, the majority of coffee leaf rust populations did not cause significant modification in the variation of Fv/Fm displaying a range from 0.51 to 0.73, at 41 dds. In the case of populations 9RS, 10RS, 13RS, 14RS and 15RS, they presented significant fall in the value of Fv/Fm of 15, 27, 9, 18 and 32% at the end compared to the first sampling. On overall, the range of PI varied from 1.69 to 5.18. 6RS caused in significant increment of ETo/RC. 9RS, 10RS, 14RS and 15RS increased (P≤0.05) the value of ABS/RC in 23, 149, 74 and 108% (compared to the initial evaluation). 9RS showed a significant increment of TRo/RC of 23.5% in the last sampling. Finally, we conclude that weather conditions and plant material used in this assessment caused a rapid period of incubation (IP). It also detected a photosynthetic defense mechanism that consisted in the increment of ABS/RC, ETo/RC and TRo/RC when the levels of Fv/Fm have fallen.

Keywords: Chrolophyll a fluorescence, Chlrophyll index, incubation period, latent period, Hemileia vastatrix.

This review explores the increasing interest in using herbal medicine to treat avian coccidiosis, either in addition to or instead of traditional treatments. In the chicken industry, coccidiosis results in large financial losses because it impairs development, makes it more difficult for nutrients to be absorbed, and raises mortality. Despite the efficacy of traditional anticoccidial drugs, research into herbal medicine as a safer and more natural alternative has been spurred by consumer demand for organic products, drug resistance, and environmental consequences. Many natural herbs were found to treat coccidiosis, the most recent studies on garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and turmeric (Curcuma longa), which include immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities, were assessed in this review. Studies have shown that garlic supplements can improve avian health and reduce coccidiosis symptoms without having major negative consequences. Ginger reduces the severity of coccidiosis by boosting gut health, reducing parasite growth, and fortifying the immune system. It also reduces oxidative damage and intestinal lesions caused by Eimeria infections. Curcumin, the key ingredient in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that reduce intestinal lesions, stop Eimeria from growing, improve gut health in general, and boost nutrition metabolism and weight gain in poultry. Combining these herbs may help them work in concert to address various aspects of coccidiosis control. More studies are required to improve their use in poultry diets to maximize their therapeutic potential and minimize side effects.

Keywords: Coccidiosis, Herbal medicine, Garlic, Ginger, Turmeric, Poultry.

This study aimed to enhance agricultural productivity in Northern Kazakhstan by comparing conventional farming practices with modern precision agriculture technologies. The research was carried out during the 2023 growing season on the agricultural fields of the ‘Altyn-Gul’ enterprise. Precision agriculture tools such as NDVI for vegetation monitoring, remote sensing for soil fertility analysis, and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer trials were utilized. Observations included phenological stages, soil moisture levels, and nitrogen status in plants using devices such as GreenSeeker and N-tester. Statistical analysis was performed with a significant level of 5%. The results demonstrated that differentiated applications of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers significantly increased wheat yield, with productivity in certain zones rising by 127% compared to control plots. The integration of NDVI and soil fertility mapping optimized fertilizer application, leading to more uniform crop development and improved overall productivity.

Keywords: Precision agriculture; Northern Kazakhstan; NDVI; Wheat yield optimization; Sustainable farming practices.

“In Acacia mangium wood, fibers located adjacent to vessel elements are notably shorter and are referred to as ‘very short fibers’ to distinguish them from the longer fibers found further away from the vessels. Variations in fiber length are determined by the size of the vessel and the arrangement of the rows. The objective of our study was to determine the variation in fiber dimensions based on their distance from small vessels in the tangential direction. We also compared the quality of fibers based on their distance from small and large vessel cells as raw materials for paper production. Wood blocks measuring 10mm x 5mm x 20mm (R x T x L) were softened, sliced, and photographed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Serial sections were aligned using Reconstruct software. Fiber length was obtained by multiplying the section thickness (25μm) by the number of cross sections in which the focused wood fibers appeared in the ImageJ software. Fiber diameter and wall thickness were measured both perpendicular and parallel to vessel enlargement. Length and lumen of the first two very short fibers adjacent to a small vessel in the tangential direction were significantly shorter and wider than those of more distant fibers. Very short fibers adjacent to small vessels in both directions had lower RR, MR, and RC values, and higher FR values, compared to distant fibers. Conversely, for very short fibers adjacent to large vessels in the radial direction only, RR, MR and RC values were higher and FR values were lower.

Keywords: Acacia mangium, Fiber adjacent to vessel, Reconstruct, Tangential direction, Fiber derivatives.

Bee diseases significantly hinder the development of the beekeeping industry and reduce its profitability. The use of various chemical origin preparations for treating bee diseases ensures that the infestation of bee colonies is kept to a minimum. However, the preparations have a negative impact on the bee body and contaminate bee products. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of a new phytopreparation in the conditions of West Kazakhstan region. The phytopreparation was developed using medicinal plants native to the Republic of Kazakhstan. The therapeutic dose of phytopreparation (10 and 15mL/1L of 20% and 50% sugar syrup) was established using the laboratory method of dosed feeding. The research and production experiment demonstrated that the phytopreparation exhibits a pronounced anti-varroosis and anti-nosemosis effect. In the treatment of varroosis, the intensity of invasion is reduced to a safe level when used by the method of feeding at a dose of 10-15mL/1L sugar syrup in the spring period, the therapeutic efficiency is 86-85.7%, when irrigated in the specified doses – 84.3-85%. In the treatment of nosemosis, the preparation’s effectiveness reaches 100%. The preparation can also be used for complex treatments and systematic therapeutic and preventive protection of bee colonies, as well as to stimulate the development of healthy bee colonies, an increasing their productivity.

Keywords: Honey bee, Varroosis, Nosemosis, Treatment, Phytopreparation.

The growing threat of insect pests and rising global human population in crop production drives farmers to rely on synthetic pesticides, but its misuse threatens health and the environment. Botanical insecticide offers a sustainable biochemical alternative in integrated pest management (IPM). This review integrates ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and taxonomy to identify insecticidal plants utilized by indigenous and local farmers in the Philippines. Following the PRISMA guidelines, 32 unique studies of high methodological quality and low bias risk selected from electronic databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Wiley Online Library) and expanded search (Google Scholar and ResearchGate) were gathered from June 2024 to December 2024. A total of 112 primarily native plant species across 91 genera and 45 families were reported with insecticidal properties. Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Lamiaceae were the most reported families, with Capsicum, Cymbopogon, and Gliricidia sepium as the most cited genera and species. Less explored species Coriaria intermedia, Selliguea taeniata, Homalanthus fastuosus, and Tetrapilus borneensis were also documented. Leaves were the most used plant part, extracted mainly through mechanical methods and applied via direct spraying. Network analysis identifies plant species used against key rice and corn pests, rice bugs, black bugs, and armyworms, providing a basis for further exploration of potential application against emerging global pest fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Botanical bioactive compounds identified can lead to growth abnormalities, feeding deterrence, and mortality. This review underscores traditional knowledge in sustainable pest management. Further phytochemical, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic studies are needed to validate efficacy and safety for broader application.

Keywords: Insecticidal plants, Pest management, Ethnobotany, Crop protection.