International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences

This study compared two locally engineered LED irradiators (KSDO-1 and KSDO-2) for their efficiency in accelerating growth and productivity of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The work was motivated by the need for energy-saving, crop-specific lighting to enable year-round tomato production in northern Kazakhstan. Experiments were conducted at the LedSystemMedia greenhouse complex (Astana, Kazakhstan) using the F1 hybrid ‘Forticia RC’ grown hydroponically. Plants were illuminated with either high-pressure sodium (HPS; control) or one of the two LED treatments. Main physiological and morphological parameters, such as plant height, internode length and leaf area. Quantum yield of photosystem II (Y(II)) and fruit productivity were measured during the vegetative and reproductive periods. The biochemical content of the fruits was also determined. Measurements were made according to standard national methods and with the help of specialized equipment (MINI-PAM-II fluorometer). Tomato plants subjected to LED treatments. Particularly, KSDO-2 showed significantly better performance. The total yield was enhanced by 150.2% (KSDO-1) and 152.6% (KSDO-2) compared to the control. Increased photosynthetic efficiency shortened internodes, increased leaf area (by 20–24%), and extended fruiting periods were found under LED illumination. No differences were noticed in fruit biochemical quality among the treatments. The results indicate that LED irradiators designed according to plant photosynthetic requirements have the potential to significantly increase tomato production in controlled environments. The KSDO-2 model proved to be the most efficient and is now being prepared for patenting, being a promising development in energy-saving greenhouse lighting technology.

Keywords: Greenhouse, Tomato, LED lighting, Productivity, Biological parameters.

The paper investigates the influence of different types of substrates on biometric characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in containers with a closed root system (CRS). Container cassettes were developed according to the authors’ own drawings, and five types of substrates with different structures and compositions, with the addition of organic and mineral components, were used for the experiment. Seedling growth and development were evaluated by key biometric parameters such as plant height and needle length. The germination percentage was also evaluated. As a result of the study, the most optimal composition of the developed substrate was identified. The developed substrate, including local organic components (coniferous fall and humus) and top peat, allowed to reduce the use of peat by 17.5-22.5%. Germination on the experimental substrate averaged 70.9%; seedling height was 3.80±0.30cm and needle length 1.70±0.03cm, comparable to commercial controls. Seedling height differed significantly between the experimental and less effective formulations (p < 0.05), and needle length differed significantly from industrial peat substrates (p < 0.05). By lowering peat consumption, the proposed mix can lessen pressures on peatland ecosystems and carbon stocks, thereby improving the environmental sustainability of reforestation nurseries. Local organic components were sourced from the Chaldai Forest in eastern Pavlodar Region, at the southern margin of the relict ribbon pine forest.

Keywords: Biometric parameters; Container cultivation; Germination rate; Organic additives; Peat reduction; Reforestation.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a groundbreaking tool in agricultural extension and marketing that offers new ways to enhance productivity and efficiency. The study investigates the application of AI in the development of agricultural practice in Jordan from the perspectives of key stakeholders like farmers, agribusiness professionals, extension officers, and technology consultants. A cross-sectional survey with 380 participants was used to evaluate AI performance in agricultural decision-making and operational performance. The findings indicate moderate-to-high consensus on applying AI to increase productivity with mean ratings of 3.47-3.63. AI’s role in agricultural extension registered high consensus with mean ratings of 4.65-4.78 for its benefits, indicating its significant role in knowledge dissemination and resource use. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) findings validate the efficacy of the model in forecasting high composite reliability (0.988) and high correlation (r = 0.884) of AI adoption to better agricultural extension services. The findings are promising, even if the study recognizes limitations as data being cross-sectional in nature and self-report biases. In conclusion, for the realization of the full potential of AI in agriculture, investment is advised in AI training, infrastructure, and policy. The future research needs to analyze regionally and gender-differentiated gaps and identify the long-term implications of AI use in agriculture to ensure that there is sustainable development in agriculture.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Agricultural Extension, Marketing, Technology Adoption, Jordan, Structural Equation Model, Agriculture.

Our study investigates the effects of precision farming and varying nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer doses on spring wheat yield in Kostanay, Kazakhstan. By using agrochemical analysis and productivity zones, this research aims to optimize fertilizer use for better crop yields and offers practical recommendations for sustainable farming in similar climates. The study was conducted in 2023 at Lugovoye Farm on 215ha, and N and P fertilizers were tested on spring wheat. The best results were achieved with a 75 kg/ha ammophos application, resulting in a 3.0kg/ha increase in yield. Higher doses in productive zones and lower doses in less productive areas also yielded positive results. The findings highlight the potential of precision agriculture to increase productivity, sustainability, and food security, particularly in developing regions, to support economic growth and poverty reduction.

Keywords: Fertilizer optimization; Spring wheat yield; Sustainable agriculture; Green agriculture; Agricultural planning.

Capsicum annuum is an economically important crop in Thailand, widely cultivated for culinary, pharmaceutical, and export purposes. However, co-infection by multiple pests, particularly root-knot nematodes (RKN) and spider mites, is increasingly observed under field conditions, forming a complex that severely compromises plant health. In this study, we investigated the interactions of single and mixed infections of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita, M. enterolobii) and spider mites (Tetranychus kanazawai) on three commercial Thai chili cultivars: ‘Ampawa’ (C. annuum cv. Ampawa), ‘Jinda’ (C. annuum cv. Jinda), and ‘Superhot’ (C. annuum cv. Superhot). All cultivars were more susceptible to M. incognita than M. enterolobii (P<0.05). Mixed RKN infections resulted in greater disease severity than single infections; the Jinda cultivar showed the highest root gall index (2.5±0.2) and reproductive factor (Rf = 82.5±14.9). Co-infection with both RKN species increased root damage and exacerbated foliar damage caused by T. Kanazawai, increasing overall disease severity by 47.49% to 64.16% compared to uninfected controls (P<0.05). While Ampawa displayed partial tolerance to spider mite injury under M. enterolobii infection (leaf damage percent = 5.0±5.0), this tolerance diminished under mixed RKN infection (83.3±9.6). These findings highlight the synergistic effects of root and foliar pests, underscoring the importance of considering pest interactions in disease management strategies. Understanding cultivar-specific responses to pest complexes is critical for developing integrated management approaches and breeding programs aimed at improving chili resilience subject to multi-pest pressure.

Keywords: Capsicum annuum, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne enterolobii, Tetranychus kanazawai, Pest complex, Disease severity.

The important variables affecting protein yield in the hydrolysate process are enzyme concentration and digestion duration. Optimal conditions were found to be a bromelain concentration of 0.75% and a digestion time of 6 hours, producing cricket protein hydrolysate containing 22.96% protein. Using cricket protein hydrolysate as the main ingredient in seasoning sauces offers an alternative to meet consumer demand for healthy seasoning products. Cricket sauces were formulated with varying amounts of cricket protein hydrolysate, salt, and low-sodium soy sauce (59.2, 1.7, and 4.2% respectively) and evaluated for their physical properties and sensory acceptance. The sauce made from cricket protein hydrolysate exhibited a high protein content (4.55%) compared to commercial oyster sauce, along with low fat (0.49%) and low sodium levels (165.9mg or 2.81%), meeting the physicochemical properties of the Thai Industrial Standard for oyster sauce (TIS 1317-2538). The application of 59.2% cricket protein hydrolysate in the seasoning sauce to mimic oyster sauce did not adversely affect taste, flavor, or overall acceptance. Therefore, cricket protein hydrolysis effectively increases protein content while reducing sodium levels in traditional oyster sauce formulations.

Keywords: Cricket sauce, Digestion time, Sensory acceptance, Low sodium.

This study assesses the sustainability of rice farming in Cirebon District, West Java, Indonesia, an area increasingly affected by the expansion of the natural stone industry. Using the RAP-Rice method, an adaptation of the RAPFISH approach based on Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), the study evaluates five sustainability dimensions: economic, social, ecological, technological, and institutional. Data were collected from farmer surveys, field observations, interviews, and government reports. Results show that all five dimensions fall within the moderate sustainability range, with index scores between 51.55 and 52.39. Leverage analysis identifies key factors driving sustainability, including profitability, youth involvement, irrigation maintenance, organic fertilization, and access to extension services. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the robustness and consistency of the MDS results, with low stress values and high RSQ scores across dimensions. These findings underscore the need for integrated policies that focus on internal system improvements to enhance agricultural resilience in industrially encroached areas. The study offers practical insights for policymakers and local governments seeking to support rice farmers through infrastructure, institutional, and environmental interventions.

Keywords: RAP-rice, Sustainability assessment, Rice farming, Industrial encroachment, Cirebon.

Clammy inula (Inula viscosa L.) is a native Meditranean perennial herb/shrub. It’s antifungal activity against different plant pathogens has been proven by several studies; however, none of these studies investigated the antifungal activity of green nanomaterials extracted from I. viscosa against controlling plant pathogens. This research investigated the antifungal activity of green nanomaterials, specifically nickel and zinc nanoferrites derived from I. viscosa (interactions), against controlling F. oxysporum. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of nanomaterials derived from both leaves and pappus of I. viscosa, and to assess the synergistic effects of combining these nanomaterials with I. viscosa extracts against F. oxysporum. Treatments, nanomaterials, and their interactions significantly influenced fungal growth rate and colony inhibition. The lowest average fungal growth rate (34.1%) was observed with the combination of I. viscosa leaves extract and NiFe2O4 nanomaterials, while the highest growth rate (68.5%) was recorded with leaf extract alone. The highest average inhibition rate of fungal colony growth (50.2%) was also observed with the interaction between leaves extract and NiFe2O4. The results were supported by UV spectra that confirmed the occurrence of nanoferrites. Clammy inula contains active bioingredients that are considered superior molecules for cell penetration. These findings suggest that the combination of plant leaf extract and green nanomaterials exhibits a synergistic antifungal effect against F. oxysporum.

Keywords: Nanoferrites; Nanomaterials, UV-Visible; Synthesis.

This study investigates the use of winter cereals as cover crops for the establishment of perennial leguminous grasses (alfalfa, sainfoin, and yellow sweet clover) in the semi-arid conditions of Southeast Kazakhstan. The primary objective was to assess the agronomic performance and fodder productivity of these legumes when undersown into winter cereal stands. A field experiment was conducted using nine treatment variants combining three perennial legumes with or without winter triticale or barley cover crops. Biomass yields, phenological development, and metabolizable energy content were assessed over two years. Sowing was done on experimental fields with light chestnut soils, and data were collected following standard agronomic procedures and statistical analysis. Undersowing legumes into winter cereals enabled early crop establishment without additional tillage, enhanced weed suppression, and significantly increased first-year biomass yields (260–340cwt/ha), with the legume proportion ranging from 8.7 to 12.4%. In the second year, perennial legumes previously grown under cover crops exhibited metabolizable energy yields (140.1–149.4GJ/ha) that were comparable to or exceeded those of pure legume stands (136.9–144.1GJ/ha). Importantly, no adverse effects on regrowth or long-term productivity were observed. Using winter cereals as cover crops for perennial legumes is an effective strategy for increasing fodder production, improving weed control, and enhancing resource use efficiency. This method is especially beneficial for weed-infested fields and supports sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid environments.

Keywords: Сover crops, Legumes, Sustainable agriculture, Alfalfa, Sweet clover, Sainfoin

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is a fish species known for its fast growth, euryhalinity, and adaptability to cultural environments. The quality of feed provided to Barramundi (L. calcarifer) can influence the growth rate of the fish and aquaculture production. However, the price of fishmeal is increasing, and its availability is decreasing, mostly due to the increased demand for its supply. The maggot flour derived from Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae is known to be an important alternative to fishmeal. This study aimed to investigate the impact of replacing fishmeal in artificial feed with different levels of BSF flour on the survival rate and growth performane of Barramundi fingerlings. The treatments were based on the level of maggot flour per 100g of feed and were: A (0%), B (5%), C (10%), D (15%), and E (20%) maggot flour per 100g of feed. The test subjects were Barramundi fingerlings (n=120 fish), with a mean body weight of 3.69±0.27g and a body length of 6.62±0.21cm. Experimental Treatments were fed to fingerlings of the respective group for 49 days. The findings indicated that substituting fish meal with varying levels of maggot flour significantly influenced total feed consumption (TFC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), specific growth rate (SGR), and absolute body weight and body length (P<0.05). However, treatments had no effect on the survival rate of the Barramundi fish. Treatment E (15% maggot flour/100g feed) exhibited superior overall performance, characterized by optimal values for TFC (113.36±3.66g), FCR (1.40±0.15), PER (1.49±0.07), FUE (66.61±2.92%), SGR (2.67±0.14%/day), absolute weight (8.46±1.30g), absolute length (5.09±1.19cm), and survival rate (93.33±11.55%). Notably, Treatment D (20% maggot flour/100g feed) stood out for its exceptional nutritional profile, boasting the highest protein content (63.75±0.05%), fat content (8.24±0.02%), total essential amino acids (57g/100g protein), and eicosapentaenoic acid content (8.35±0.06g/100g fat). These findings suggest that Treatment D is effective in enhancing growth performance, while Treatment E excels in improving the nutritional quality of the feed.

Keywords: Nutrition, Growth, Feed, BSF larvae.

Local chickens excel in environmental adaptation, disease resistance, and are important for the household economy. This study aimed to identify the genetic characteristics and polymorphisms of the First Generation (G1) of local chickens using SNP analysis in the D-loop mtDNA region. A total of 20 G1 chickens were used as the initial population, with 7 selected at random for analysis. A 3mL blood sample was taken from each chicken for DNA amplification using PCR with a universal D-loop Gallus gallus primer, resulting in a 526bp fragment. The sequencing results showed 420nt, which was analyzed for SNPs and compared with the chicken sequence of Gallus gallus in GenBank (AB007725.1). The analysis identified six polymorphic sites: 33% at bases 0-100, 50% at 101-200, and 17% at 201-300. G1 individuals with feather color variations showed higher levels of polymorphism. The SNP found has the potential to be a genetic marker to differentiate G1 individuals. The novelty of this study is the identification of high-productivity local Ternate chicken clumps based on D-loop DNA as well as quantitative and qualitative phenotypic characters. These findings have the potential to be applied in similar regions to increase productivity and food security, as well as support the conservation and genetic improvement of local poultry resources in Indonesia. In conclusion, SNP analysis in the mtDNA D-loop region proves effective for evaluating genetic variability in G1 chickens. The findings support the use of SNP markers for breeding programs, genetic conservation, and future development of local chicken resources.

Keywords: Ayam Lokal, Ternate, SNP, DNA Mitokondria D-loop.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, and results in severe complications. Krameria pauciflora (KP) is known to exhibit antihyperglycemic effects in diabetic rats. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Krameria triandra extract (KTE) on blood glucose and proinflammatory interleukins in diabetic rats. Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly assigned to two groups: a normal control group (n=6) and an experimental group (n=18). Diabetes was induced in rats of the experimental group by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60mg streptozotocin. The diabetic rats were subdivided into three groups (n=6 each): (1) diabetic (DM) rats treated orally with vehicle, (2) KTE diabetic (DOK) rats treated orally with KTE 100mg/kg, and (3) Metformin diabetic (DOM) rats treated orally with metformin (100mg/kg). Following the experimental period (16 days), blood samples were collected for analysis of fasting blood glucose, proinflammatory Interleukins (IL-2, IL-6, IL-1Beta), and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF). Initial and final body weight of rats were also recorded. The results indicated significant metabolic and immunological restructuring of KTE, characterized by increases in both fasting blood glucose and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6), as well as suppression of IGF. This divergence of effects between Krameria pauciflora and Krameria triandra underscores the necessity for species-specific pharmacological evaluation and cautions against generalizing effects across the species of the Krameria genus. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the compounds and mechanisms underlying these observations and to assess the clinical relevance of KTE.

Keywords: Diabetic; Krameria Triandra; Proinflammatory, Streptozotocin.

Flooded agricultural lands in the arid areas of the West Kazakhstan Region serve as a reliable source of high-grade fodder, the shortage of which impedes the development of livestock breeding. The use of the region’s permanent water sources to flood agricultural lands secures the production of grass fodder regardless of weather conditions. Therefore, the study aims to identify the optimal flood regime to enhance the productive parameters of the soil. The methods of chemical analysis and quadrant sampling were applied to establish changes in soil pH, humus content, NO3, P2O5, and K2O, and the species composition of plots under different flood regimes. Results showed that greater flooding volumes were significantly associated with higher agrochemical indicators in the uppermost soil layer, with humus ranging from 2.8–3.7% (P<0.05), nitrate nitrogen 6.3–6.78mg/kg (±0.2), and mobile phosphorus 53.2–74.3mg/kg (±1.5). The only exception was mobile potassium, which increased only with the flooding volume of 4,000–4,500m³/ha, reaching 680.6±5.3mg/kg. Exchangeable sodium content was more favorable for soil fertility at irrigation rates of 3,500–4,000 and 4,000–4,500m³/ha. Flooding volumes over 3,000m³/ha supported optimal soil salinity. Plant density per m² also increased with higher flood volumes. The natural herbage was dominated by couch grass, which reached a density of 269.5 to 374.2units/m2 and a share of 93.2–97.8% (of the total number of plants) in flooded areas and 101.8units/m2 and 43.3% in the non-flooded area (control). The highest average yield across the study years was achieved at flooding volumes of 4,000–4,500 m³/ha (27.2 cwt/ha) and 3,500–4,000 m³/ha (25.0 cwt/ha), exceeding the control by 253.2% and 224.7%, respectively (P<0.05). As a result, the study establishes 3,500–4,500 m³/ha as the optimal flooding regime for improving soil fertility and forage yield in semi-arid West Kazakhstan. These findings can inform irrigation management strategies in other arid and semi-arid regions, where similar flood-based practices could be adapted to enhance soil quality and fodder production.

Keywords: Flooding; Flooding volume; NDWI; Soil; Humus; Soil salt composition; Vegetation species composition; Yield.

Coccidiosis is considered as one of the most economically significant diseases in poultry. It requires the need for sustainable alternatives to synthetic anticoccidials. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of organic charcoal as a dietary supplement in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria spp. The investigation focused on its anticoccidial and antioxidant properties and its impact on growth, gut health, and immunity. A total of 375 chicks were randomly allocated into five groups (Tch1, Tch2, T-ve1, T-ve2, and T+ve), with three replicates of 25 birds each. Charcoal was supplemented to the feed at 1g/kg (Tch1) and 3g/kg (Tch2), while positive control received sulphadimidine + diaveridine HCl. Birds were reared for 35 days; dietary treatments began on day 12 and infection was induced on day 14. Charcoal supplementation significantly improved feed conversion ratio, lesion score, oocyst index, and fecal oocyst shedding as compared to controls (P<0.05). It also enhanced total antioxidant capacity, reduced malondialdehyde concentrations, and improved intestinal morphology (villus height and surface area). Notably, these benefits were achieved without compromising growth or mineral balance. In conclusion, organic charcoal demonstrates dual anticoccidial and antioxidant effects. It acts as a natural feed additive that alleviates the pathological and oxidative effects of coccidiosis. These findings support its ability as a sustainable strategy to reduce reliance on synthetic anticoccidials in intensive poultry production.

Keywords: Broiler, Coccidiosis, Antioxidant, Gut integrity, Antioxidant defense, Charcoal supplementation.

Growth regulation in the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is closely linked to neuropeptides such as red pigment concentrating hormone (MrRPCH), a single-chain polypeptide structurally related to proinsulin. In this study, the MrRPCH gene was cloned into a modified pRSET_A expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 trxB (DE3) cells. Upon IPTG induction, the recombinant MrRPCH protein (~12kDa) was expressed predominantly in inclusion bodies. The protein was successfully purified using the MagneHis™ Protein Purification System, and its purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. This study provides a reliable method for high-yield expression and purification of MrRPCH, paving the way for future applications in aquaculture, including disease resistance enhancement and growth promotion in crustaceans.

Keywords: Disease resistance, Growth hormone, MrRPCH, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Recombinant protein.

Feed fermentation enhances nutritional quality, reduces feed costs, and mitigates pollution when processed with suitable microorganisms. This study investigated the growth and potential of three bacterial isolates from bioslurry—Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, Bacillus indriensis, and Bacillus cereus—as fermentation agents to improve the nutritional quality of Ceratophyllum sp. as a raw material for fish feed. Bacterial growth measurements conducted using spectrophotometry revealed a quadratic growth pattern with an R² value approaching 1. Peak growth was observed at 20.5–30.5h. The fermentation process, conducted over 24, 48, and 72h, significantly increased the protein and ash content while reducing the crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) levels. The highest protein content was recorded after fermentation by B. cereus for 72h (34.80±0.007%), representing a 47.6% increase from the initial value. The most substantial reduction in crude fiber was observed after 72h of fermentation with B. indriensis, where it decreased from 14.38 to 4.26% (a reduction of 70.4%), indicating cellulolytic enzyme activity. The ash content increased, reflecting the release of essential minerals. Thus, fermentation using commensal bacteria from bioslurry is an effective strategy to optimize Ceratophyllum sp. as a high-nutrient and environmentally sustainable alternative feed source.

Keywords: Bioslurry, Ceratophyllum sp., Fermentation, Growth Bacteria, Protein.

In Kazakhstan, winter wheat is grown in the south and south-east of the country on an area of more than 520 thousand hectares. Winter wheat is grown mainly on rain-fed lands, where precipitation amounts to 180-350 mm per year. Due to climate change, wheat’s drought resistance is a global problem, and despite some success, the study of individual mechanisms of winter wheat’s drought resistance, the identification of genotypes with signs of drought resistance, as well as the study of their disease resistance, yield and grain quality is relevant for the republic. Field and laboratory studies of 14 genotypes of winter soft wheat for drought resistance were carried out. Correlation analysis (the relationship between traits and yield) showed that the weight of grains per plant GWP (r = 0.87) is the main factor in the yield of the winter wheat varieties and lines we studied. The number of spikelets per main spike SNMS (r = 0.75) also had a strong influence to yield. The grain weight per main spike GWMS (r = 0.69) and the weight of 1000 grains TGW (r = 0.64) also showed a high correlation with yield, but were slightly inferior to the grain weight per plant GWP. Plant height PH (r = 0.58) and number of grains per spike GNMS (r = 0.49) showed a moderate correlation with yield. In our studies, main spike length MSL (r = 0.24) did not affect yield. These parameters correlated with relative water content (RWC) in the experimental seedlings. Photosynthetic pigment content correlated with the level of water-soluble proteins under stress. Varieties and lines differed in morphology (botanical variety) did not show the same yield and its components.

Keywords: Wheat, Variety, Yield traits, Drought, Resistance, Physiological parameters.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a spice of significant global importance, with a wide range of medicinal properties. Despite its socio-economic importance, the production of ginger in Côte d’Ivoire is limited by a number of constraints, including the reduction in the area under cultivation and the failure to adhere to technical itineraries. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of organic and mineral fertilization on the yield components of ginger cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire. To this end, the rhizomes of two varieties of ginger, one with white flesh and the other with yellow flesh, were cultivated and amended with organic fertilizer (poultry manure), mineral fertilizer (NPK 12-22-22) and a combination of the two types of fertilizer. The resulting data on emergence, growth and yield parameters were subjected to a two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA 2). The analysis revealed that the interaction between variety and type of fertilizer showed no significant effect (p ˃0.05) on rhizome emergence parameters after sowing (delay, percentage and average emergence time), irrespective of the ginger variety. The results also demonstrated that the growth parameters of ginger plants, namely plant height, number of leaves, diameter at stem base and number of tillers per plant, were significantly improved with the combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers, irrespective of the ginger variety. This study demonstrates that the integration of organic and mineral fertilizers enhances ginger yields. The combination of these two fertilizers resulted in 12.79t/ha for the white-fleshed variety and 11.07t/ha for the yellow-fleshed variety.

Keywords: Ginger, Poultry droppings, Agromorphology, Tropical zone.

Indonesia is the second-largest producer of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed in the world and is committed to the global sustainable development goals (SDGs). Tarakan Island is the northernmost large island in Indonesia, designated as a centre for Kappaphycus alvarezii production. The study of aquaculture management in the coastal zoning area of Tarakan Island is essential for supporting national development towards a sustainable concept. This research focuses on analyzing both ecological carrying capacity and production capacity during the western and eastern monsoons. Analysis and observation of aquatic environmental parameters were obtained in situ, consisting of nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, current patterns and velocities, salinity, pH, turbidity, brightness, sea surface temperature, tides, bathymetry, and substratum. The distribution of chlorophyll-a is derived from the satellite data from JAXA GCOM-C OCEAN CHLA V3. Modeling of carrying capacity evaluation using integrated assessment of aquatic ecological parameters. The results of the study showed a higher level of suitability in the west monsoon, with a suitable area of 6,211ha (53%) and a moderately suitable 5,503ha (47%). In the east monsoon, the suitable area was 4,511ha (38%), moderately suitable was 6,310ha (54%), and less suitable was 893ha (8%). The analysis of the aquaculture management area (AMA) estimates that effective carrying capacity and sustainability for the west monsoon covers 2,343ha, with a capacity of 5,903 longline units and a production capacity of 8,677.4 wet metric tons per cycle. For the east monsoon, the area encompasses 2,164ha, with a capacity of 5,452 longline units and a production capacity of 7,974.8 wet metric tons per cycle. The study results indicated that Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation can be carried out throughout the year, in both the west and east monsoons

Keywords: Wheat, Variety, Yield traits, Drought, Resistance, Physiological parameters.

Invasive species can have immense consequences on ecosystems, and their impact is more extensive than that of any native species. They can modify diverse characteristics in habitats, such as topography, nutrient availability, water management, and energy transfer, and these alterations persist long-term despite efforts to reverse them. This study aimed to capture the morphological features of this bird in various areas and investigate the differences in phenotypes between males and females. Samples of the Indian Crow were collected from some selected governorates of Oman. The birds were captured using non-lethal techniques and were euthanized at the point of capture. The morphological characterization of the birds was conducted. Quantitative measurements were performed, and anatomical sexing was carried out to differentiate between males and females. The morphological characterization revealed that the color of primary, secondary, and tail feathers, as well as the alula, beak, back, and eye ring, was predominantly black (100%), with only one exception in the eye ring (99.7% black, 0.3% blue). Significant differences were found across all measured traits. Males had significantly higher mean body weight, body width, body circumference, wing length, tarsus length, wingspan, beak length, and body length than females (P<0.001). Significant differences were found for several traits among the governorates. There were no significant associations between gender and any of the phenotypic characteristics. The Indian Crow flight feather was highly chromatically integrated, with primary, secondary, tail, and alula feathers mainly black and minor blue coloration, indicating strong genetic regulation of feather coloration. The morphometric analysis revealed that males are significantly larger than females, indicating high sexual size dimorphism.

Keywords: Invasive birds, Indian Crow, Phenotypic traits, Sultanate of Oman.

This study was conducted at the Akas Agricultural Company LLP in West Kazakhstan to evaluate the amino acid composition and technological properties of milk proteins in first-calf cows of the Black-and-White breed and Holstein cattle of German and Dutch origin, as well as their crossbreeds, in order to identify the most promising genotype and establish optimal directions for further breeding. Five groups of animals were kept under identical conditions, and milk samples were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography and microscopic methods. Significant genotype-related differences were revealed: milk of crossbreeds contained the highest levels of essential amino acids, particularly leucine, arginine, lysine, and phenylalanine, compared with pure Black-and-White cows. Holstein cows and their crossbreeds demonstrated improved protein profiles, with higher casein content and more favorable casein micelle structures. These characteristics enhanced the technological properties of milk, including coagulation time and suitability for dairy processing. The findings indicate that crossbreeding Black-and-White cows with Holsteins increases the nutritional and biological value of milk, making it more suitable for high-quality dairy production.

Keywords: Amino Acid Composition, Casein, First-Calf Cows; Holsteins of Dutch and German Breeding; Milk.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of the polyene antibiotic Roseofungin, isolated from Streptomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini AS-20.14, to assess its potential as an antifungal agent. Roseofungin was characterized using UV–VIS spectrophotometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These techniques were employed to analyze the antibiotic’s thermal stability, absorption spectra, and molecular structure. The UV-VIS spectra revealed two maxima at 260nm and 362nm, typical of carbonyl-conjugated pentaenes. TGA and DSC analyses indicated low thermal stability, with significant mass loss at higher temperatures. The IR spectrum confirmed the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, while NMR spectroscopy supported the structural assignment of Roseofungin. The antibiotic demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activity and lower toxicity compared to other polyenes. The study confirms the potential of Roseofungin as an effective antifungal agent, particularly against dermatophytes and molds. Its physicochemical properties and lower toxicity position it as a promising candidate for further research and development in antifungal therapies, especially for drug-resistant fungal infections.

Keywords: Antifungal activity; Dermatophytes; Molds; Polyenes; Roseofungin structure.

The study evaluates a newly developed granular organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) for cultivated lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) of Russian breeding—‘Kostromichka’, ‘Kostromskaya Rozovaya’, ‘Rossiyanochka’, and ‘Rubin’. The OMF contains NPK 8–8–8 with micronutrients (Cu 0.4%, Fe 0.5%, Zn 0.2%) and vermicompost inoculated with spore-forming bacteria of high biological activity. Experiments were conducted on a high-moor peat substrate (pH 2.9–3.4) under the agroclimatic conditions of Moscow (Non-Chernozem Zone of Russia). The factorial design comprised four cultivars × four fertilizer treatments, with three replicates and 10 plants per replicate. Data were analyzed by one- and two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Application of the developed granulated OMF improved the peat substrate’s agrochemical status and produced the highest fruit yields (412.3–988.5gm⁻²), exceeding alternative fertilizers— a complex mineral product (“Rastvorin for Ericaceae”) and a commercial organo-mineral product (“Gumi Omi – Acid-Loving Shrubs”)—by 1.7–9.0%. The most favorable morphophysiological traits were recorded in September under OMF, including photosynthetic productivity (4.85mg CO₂ dm⁻²h⁻¹), leaf area (2.50dm² plant⁻¹), total root surface area (73.5m²), effective absorptive root surface (60.2m²), root biomass (35.8g), and leaf biomass (51.4g). Relative to comparators, OMF increased lingonberry yield by 1.6–9.0% and enhanced fruit quality, raising dry matter by 1.6–2.0%, soluble sugars by 0.8–1.5%, and vitamin C by 1.3–2.2mg 100g⁻¹ fresh weight. Overall, the developed OMF ensured an adequate and season-long supply of macro- and micronutrients to V. vitis-idaea, thereby improving plant performance and productivity on peat substrates in the Non-Chernozem region.

Keywords: Fertilizers, Lingonberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Berry plants, Cultivar, Substrate, Peat, Soil micro-biology, Microorganisms.

This study aims to develop and characterize antibacterial biodegradable film using polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and Annona muricata leaf extract (15%) reinforced with chitosan (0, 1, 2, and 4%). Surface morphology and biomaterial interaction were accessed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Film reinforced with 4% chitosan showed the greatest thickness (P<0.05) compared to others. The elongation at break (EAB) of Annona-based film reinforced with 1% chitosan was considerably higher (P<0.05) than controls. The annona-based film reinforced with 4% chitosan demonstrated significantly higher opacity (P<0.05) than controls. The film was completely degradable in the soil on day 16. Anonna-based film inhibited R. planticola, C. farmeri, C. braakii, A. hydrophila and S. lentus. Furthermore, an increased chitosan concentration showed increased antibacterial activity of the film. Therefore, Annona-based film reinforced with 4% chitosan shows promising potential as a biodegradable packaging material.

Keywords: Annona muricata, Chitosan, Biofilm, Antimicrobial, Biodegradable.

Essential oils of lime are now much more valuable than juice or fresh fruit due to their limited quantity and growing demand. Amid climate change, switching to lime cultivation offers greater economic efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lime peel treatment on the extraction efficiency, composition, antioxidant, and antifungal activities of essential oils from four lime species (Citrus sp.) commonly grown in An Giang province, Vietnam, including Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia, Citrus hystrix, and Citrus limonia. The findings indicated that pre-distillation drying of the peel reduced the mass of raw material by 10%, thereby reducing solvent consumption, but also lowered essential oil yield. However, this treatment did not significantly affect limonene concentration or antioxidant and antifungal activities of the essential oil. Although the essential oil of C. hystrix produced the highest extraction yield, its limonene content was the lowest, resulting in the lowest antioxidant activity. The essential oil of C. latifolia yielded more extract than the other three species, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 range 134.64–144.31L/mL), and showed the most potent antifungal effect against Fusarium equiseti. There were no significant differences in antioxidant and antifungal activities between the essential oils of C. aurantifolia and C. limonia. Notably, the essential oil extracted from the fresh peel of C. latifolia possessed a pleasant aroma and received the highest score on the hedonic scale.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Antifungal effect, Essential oil, Lime species.

Peanut and ginger are among the most widely used ingredients in Indonesian cuisine, including in Semarang City. These commodities are primarily cultivated in the uphill areas of Semarang and distributed to consumers in downhill regions through three government-managed traditional market categories. Given its role in daily consumption, it is essential to ensure safe distribution. This study aimed to analyze the differences and correlations among market categories in terms of moisture content, temperature, physical quality, and sanitary hygiene, as well as the interrelationships between these parameters in peanuts and ginger sold in traditional markets in Semarang. This study uses 87 samples from 29 markets. The findings revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in hygiene sanitation for peanuts across market categories, whereas the other parameters showed no significant variation (P>0.05). In contrast, gingers exhibited significant differences (P<0.05) in moisture content, physical quality, and sanitary hygiene, with temperature being the only parameter with no significant variation (P>0.05) among the market categories. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated significant relationships (P<0.05) between moisture content and temperature, physical quality, and hygiene sanitation as well as between physical quality and hygiene sanitation for both peanut and ginger commodities.

Keywords: Traders, Moisture content, Temperature, Physical quality, Sanitary hygiene.

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) is a crucial transcription factor in interferon signaling pathways, playing a vital role in immune responses against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. This study aimed to identify polymorphisms in the STAT1 gene among river buffalo populations in Indonesia to assess genetic diversity and its potential for improving disease resistance and productivity. A total of 100 river buffaloes from four regions (Lubuk Pakam, Pancur Batu, Sunggal, and Tapanuli Utara) were analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from hair samples, and three SNPs (g.15856G>T, g.16211C>T, and g.16252C>G) were genotyped using PCR and Sanger sequencing. Genetic parameters, including allele frequency, heterozygosity, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), and Polymorphism Information Content (PIC), were calculated. Results revealed that SNP g.16211C>T had the highest PIC value (0.302), indicating its usefulness as a genetic marker, though it deviated from HWE, suggesting influences from selection or genetic drift. The UPGMA dendrogram clustered Lubuk Pakam and Pancur Batu together, while Sunggal and Tapanuli Utara formed a separate group, reflecting genetic relationships among populations. Further research is needed to explore the functional implications of these polymorphisms and their role in immune regulation.

Keywords: Genetics diversity, STAT1 gene, River buffalo, North Sumatra.

Risk preferences play a crucial role in farmers’ decision-making regarding organic transition. Particularly in organic livestock farming, risk-tolerant farmers are more likely to adopt environmentally sustainable production practices. Using original survey data from livestock farmers in Kazakhstan, this study empirically examines how risk preferences influence and interact with multidimensional contextual factors to affect the intention to transition to organic practices. The results indicate that risk preferences significantly enhance farmers’ intention to transition to organic farming. Further analysis reveals that multidimensional contextual factors—including intrinsic attitudes, resource capacity, external opportunities, and social legitimacy—moderate this relationship. These factors strengthen the positive effect of risk preferences on transition intention. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of risk preferences is more pronounced among larger-scale and specialized producers.
In contrast, it is weaker among small-scale farmers facing resource constraints and those engaged in mixed livestock systems with greater operational complexity. The findings underscore the importance of the interplay between farmers’ psychological traits and external contexts in driving the transition to organic agriculture. Policymakers can target support toward farmers with high-risk preferences and optimise their operational environment across attitudinal, capacitative, opportunistic, and legitimacy dimensions to precisely stimulate transition motivation, thereby effectively promoting the sustainable development of organic livestock farming.

Keywords: Risk preferences, Transition intention, Organic livestock farming, Moderating effects, Kazakhstan.

This study evaluated the effect of different milking routines on the milk productivity of Kazakh Bactrian camels in the West Kazakhstan region. Sixty female camels were divided into four groups, each having three replicates, with milking intervals every 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours. Milk yields and physicochemical parameters of milk (fat content, density, protein content, sugar, and ash substances) were measured. The results showed that the highest productivity, 1,498.5L per period was observed when milking every 2 hours, especially during the first 3 months of lactation (57.26% of the total milk yield). However, under this routine, milk density and fat content decreased. The optimal milk quality (fat content: 5.82%, density: 1.031g/cm³) was achieved at an interval of 4 hours. The most effective routine in terms of productivity is milking every 2-3 hours; however, for a balance between milk quality and animal health, milking once every 3 to 4 hours is preferable. Excessively frequent milking requires strict monitoring and proper feeding, while less frequent milking reduces overall productivity.

Keywords: Bactrian camel; Milk; Productivity; Lactation; Physicochemical parameters.

Wheat rust, both leaf and stem rust, is a major threat to global food security because of its severe effect on crop yields. Although considerable advances have been made in its epidemiology, resistance mechanisms, and pathogen biology, many wheat varieties do not express the same degree of resistance under natural field conditions as under artificial inoculation. This research aimed to evaluate the structural and molecular resistance traits of 11 Kazakh-selected wheat varieties under natural infection in the field. These varieties are widely cultivated in Kazakhstan and play a significant role in regional food production. The study assessed resistance levels and productivity traits of the selected wheat varieties under natural infection conditions. Environmental factors and infection pressure were analyzed in relation to structural plant traits. Correlations between plant height and productivity components such as yield, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, and thousand kernel weight were evaluated. Molecular markers for resistance genes Lr21, Lr24, and Lr35 were also examined in relation to yield-related characteristics. Findings indicated inconsistent resistance levels to leaf and stem rust among varieties despite similar numbers of resistance genes in their genomes. Environmental conditions and infection pressure influenced structural traits, with negative correlations observed between plant height and yield (-0.54), grains per spike (-0.33), grain weight per spike (-0.60), and thousand kernel weight (-0.41). The resistance genes Lr21, Lr24, and Lr35 were associated with important yield traits such as grain weight, spike length, and grain number. These results emphasize the importance of resistance evaluation under natural infection, especially for varieties critical to food security. While further research with larger sample sizes is needed, the preliminary screening revealed variability in resistance levels and their association with yield formation. This study suggests the potential to reduce chemical control by selecting naturally resistant varieties adapted to field environments.

Keywords: Spring bread wheat; Leaf rust; Stem rust; Resistance genes; Lr; Sr; Genetic markers.

Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.) are an essential source of animal protein for rural populations in the Andes, Africa, and Asia. However, the high cost of conventional feed ingredients poses a challenge to producers. The search for alternative, cost-effective feed options has led to the exploration of African Oil Palm Flour (APF) as a viable substitute, therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of including different levels of APF in guinea pig diets during the fattening phase, particularly in the context of rising global food prices as consequence of commercial disruptions, armed conflicts, and climate-related issues. Conducted in Urcuquí canton, northern Ecuador, the experiment lasted 56 days and involved 120 male Creole guinea pigs, 21 days old, with an average weight of 346g. A randomized block design was used with four dietary treatments: L0 (0% APF), L1 (5% APF), L2 (10% APF), and L3 (15% APF). All animals also received Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and concentrate. The variables evaluated were the nutritional value of APF, feed intake (kg), feed waste (%), and weekly weight gain (g), which were subsequently used to calculate the feed conversion index (FCI). Finally, a regression analysis using an orthogonal test was performed. No significant differences were observed among the variables (P>0.05). However, L1 recorded the highest dry matter intake (5.37±0.27kg), the most favourable FCI (5.38±0.34), and the lowest feed waste percentage (18.00±0.76%), while L0 showed the greatest weekly weight gain (107.32±6.23g). The orthogonal polynomial analysis indicated that feed conversion exhibited a quadratic response to weight gain and feed intake (P<0.05). Feed intake and weight gain demonstrated a fourth-order polynomial trend (P<0.05). Overall, these findings indicate that APF can serve as an effective substitute for conventional feed ingredients without compromising the performance or health of guinea pigs (GP).

Keywords: African oil palm flour, Guinea pigs, Feed conversion, Dry matter intake, Mortality.

Jordan is in the middle of a severe water crisis; hence, the national water security policy relies heavily on non-traditional water sources, such as treated wastewater (TWW), ‎notably for farming. The FAO Penman-Monteith equations, FAO crop coefficient, and ‎CROPWAT software were used to analyze meteorological data (1980–2010) and estimate the water requirements of four major crops: olives (95.5ha), alfalfa (289ha), barley (280ha), and vetch (297.6ha). The ‎results showed that the annual TWW supply (12,766,064m³ year–1) was quite different ‎from the estimated actual agricultural need (7,173,601m³ year–1). This meant that there was a ‎annual surplus of 43.8% (5,592,463m³ year–1). The present fixed allocation scheme (30m³ha–1 day–1) was very inefficient since it gave too much to barley and vetch and not ‎enough to alfalfa. Even though alfalfa only took up 30% of the land, it used 56.4% of ‎the total water. Olives, on the other hand, were the most efficient at using water (9400m³ ha–1 year–1). The results show that we need to move from fixed to dynamic allocation systems that respond to crops’ real needs immediately. We also need to use ‎seasonal storage solutions to make use of the extra water. This will support Jordan’s water security strategy and ensure the best, most sustainable use of TWW.‎

Keywords: Treated wastewater reuse; Agricultural water management; Water use ‎efficiency; Water rights; Crop water requirements; Dynamic allocation; Jordan; Arid regions.

The silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) is an economically important species due to its ability to produce valuable silk. This study aimed to assess reciprocal hybrids based on quantitative and qualitative traits to identify the most productive hybrid lines. Genetic materials used were silkworm’s strains from China and Japan with accession numbers 804, 102, and 927, 202 respectively. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of 6 crosses with 3 replications of 200 larvae each, resulting in a total of 3,600 larvae. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, mean comparisons were conducted using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the best three varieties namely Variety A (804×927), Variety B (927×804), and Variety D (202×927), produced superior performance with a range of cocoon shell percentage (CSP) 21.42–21.87%, cocoon shell weight (CSW) 0.39–0.40g, cocoon weight (CW) 1.82–1.87g, egg hatchability percentage (EHP) 97.96–98.51%, normal cocoon percentage (NCP) 86.00–92.67%, filament length (FL) 1.076–1.137m, and filament weight (FW) 0.31–0.32g. Meanwhile the qualitative parameters showed a intermediate morphology characteristic between the both parents. The accession number of 804 demonstrated the highest general combining ability, indicating its potential as an optimal female parent for hybrid development. Reciprocal crosses between Chinese and Japanese silkworm strains exhibited a performance level comparable to that of the standard Indonesian hybrid. The strategic utilization of underused female pupae through reciprocal crossing could broaden the genetic base and enhance resource efficiency, thereby aligning with the circular economy principles in the advancement of national sericulture.

Keywords: Agriculture, Industry, Reciprocal, Silk Thread.

Agricultural extension plays a pivotal role in promoting the adoption of climate-smart practices among smallholders, yet its effectiveness in Indonesia remains uneven amid structural constraints and rapid digital transformation. This study examines how extension information quality and trust in agents influence farmer learning outcomes and subsequent adoption of climate-smart practices, while testing the moderating effects of chat-app microlearning exposure and extension agent digital capability. A cross-sectional survey of 378 irrigated rice farmers in Central Java and East Nusa Tenggara provinces was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that information quality and trust significantly enhance knowledge gain and self-efficacy, which in turn foster positive attitudes, stronger adoption intentions, and early adoption behavior. Both chat-app microlearning and agent digital capability strengthen these psychological pathways, demonstrating the effectiveness of hybrid extension systems that combine interpersonal trust with digital reinforcement. Practically, the study suggests that co-designed hybrid advisory calendars, localized micro-videos, and digital-skills training for extension agents can enhance learning and inclusivity, while asynchronous SMS and radio-based materials can support regions with limited connectivity. These insights provide a framework for implementing Indonesia’s Digital Agriculture Roadmap 2023–2045 and advancing inclusive, technology-enabled agricultural innovation.

Keywords: Agricultural extension, Climate-smart practices, Indonesia, Self-efficacy, Microlearning, Digital capability

The degradation of soil fertility in Kazakhstan’s arable lands, driven by prolonged anthropogenic pressures, poses a serious threat to the agro-industrial sector. This problem is especially acute in the irrigated regions of the southeast, where soil humus content has declined to critically low levels. To address this issue, the study employed multispectral imaging using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) combined with the calculation of vegetation spectral indices (NDVI – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, GNDVI – Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, SAVI – Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) for monitoring winter wheat, soybean, and maize. Key soil fertility parameters, including humus horizon thickness and humus content, were correlated with vegetation indices. The efficiency of fertilizer application was evaluated through NDVI-based diagnostics, supported by direct measurements of nitrogen and chlorophyll content in plants. Furthermore, digital surface models enabled the consideration of within-field variability. The results demonstrated strong correlations between vegetation greenness indices, nutrient availability, and grain yield. NDVI proved to be a sensitive indicator of nitrogen nutrition, allowing for rapid and reliable diagnostics of plant mineral nutrition status. The integration of remote sensing techniques with ground-based observations provided an objective framework for assessing the condition of degraded soils, evaluating crop nutrient supply, and forecasting yields.

Keywords: Remote sensing, Soil degradation, Spectral index, Mineral nutrition, Winter wheat, Yield.

Dangke is a traditional cheese typical of Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, a processed food made from milk. Functional cheese is currently being developed to support its benefits for human health, including probiotic cheese from lactic acid bacteria. This study aimed to determine and compare the amino acid profile of probiotic cheese from developing dangke using starter culture Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and coating by various types of biodegradable film. The results of this study indicate that the highest amino acid profile in all cheese groups is glutamic acid, with an average of 43.60mg/kg. Coating use has a significant influence on the amino acid profile of ripened cheese. In addition, the cheese group with the highest amino acid component is in the 2% Konjac cheese group, which is coated with Konjac.

Keywords: Amino acids, Biodegradable film, Dangke, Lactobacillus delbrueskii.

The article is devoted to the study of the interrelationships between the structural characteristics of the soil, agrochemical regime and elemental composition. The object of the study was two variants: control (C0) and fertilized (P20). It has been established that the application of fertilizers helps to stabilize the granulometric composition, increase the content of humus and total nitrogen, as well as reduce electrical conductivity in the lower horizons. In the southern chernozems of the Akmola region of Northern Kazakhstan, where over the past 16 years’ experience has been conducted using traditional technology for the region, two soil sections were laid and their morphological description was performed. The interrelations between the granulometric composition of the soil, the content of humus, nitrogen, electrical conductivity and the main cations (Ca2⁺, Mg2⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) in the upper horizons have been studied. Correlation, regression, and variance analysis was performed for two experimental variants (C0 and P20). The results showed that the nitrogen content is closely related to humus (r = 0.91), and the electrical conductivity is related to the number of cations (r = 0.88). Regression models explained more than 80% of the variation in nitrogen content and 77% of the changes in electrical conductivity. The analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences between the C0 and P20 variants in key indicators. The results obtained confirm the influence of granulometric composition and fertilizers on soil fertility. The results demonstrate that fertilization ensures a more uniform distribution of exchange cations and prevents the accumulation of salts in the lower part of the profile, increasing the agrochemical stability of the soil.

Keywords: Granulometric composition of soils, Fertilizers, Humus, Nitrogen, Cations, Electrical conductivity, Correlation analysis

Agricultural residues can be transformed into biochar that enhances crop growth and reduces dependence on chemical fertilizers. In this study, the effect of rice husk biochar, biol from guinea pig manure, and commercial compost on the germination, growth and yield of chives (Allium schoenoprasum) was evaluated in 100-day pot experiments conducted under a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 10 treatments and four blocks. Local soil was amended with biochar, compost, or biol at proportions of 2, 4, or 6%. The evaluated variables included germination percentage and growth-related parameters such as plant height, length, number of leaves, number of tillers, root surface area, and fresh weight. Results showed that rice husk biochar, particularly at 6%, increased fresh weight by 190%, plant height by 34%, and root surface area by 75% compared to the control, demonstrating its superior effect over compost, biol, and the non-fertilized soil. Compost also contributed positively, mainly improving germination and shoot growth, while biol showed limited benefits under the tested conditions. Overall, rice husk biochar demonstrated the greatest potential as a sustainable soil amendment to valorize agricultural residues, enhance fertility, and support circular economy strategies for chive production.

Keywords: Allium spp., Organic amendments, Soil health, Circular economy, Sustainable agriculture.

Agricultural processing generates large volumes of lignocellulosic residues (wheat and barley straw, cotton stalks, corn cobs/husks, sunflower husks, and sugar beet waste) that are often under‑utilized. We evaluated a circular bioconversion pipeline that (i) upgrades renewable plant waste (RPW) to food and feed products via solid‑state fermentation (SSF) with the white‑rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus (strain MBI‑2022) and (ii) valorizes post‑fruiting residual biomass via short SSF with Trichoderma citrinoviride AEF‑2024 and T. harzianum AEF‑2024. RPW was pre‑moistened (1:1w/w water), sterilized (1atm, 30 min), inoculated at 0.3 kg spawn per 10 kg substrate and incubated at 28°C for 10 days (n=10 containers per substrate; analytical subsamples n=5 unless stated). Cellulose (Kürschner), lignin (Komarov‑modified H₂SO₄), protein (Kjeldahl, N×6.25), lipids (Soxhlet), and nucleic acids (A260/A280) were quantified. Fungal performance was assessed as weight loss, cellulose/lignin degradation, and protein enrichment. Spent substrate was re‑inoculated with Trichoderma spp. (5 days) to formulate a biopreparation that was tested in open‑field vegetables. Across RPW types, cellulose and lignin were present at levels conducive to bioconversion. After 10 days, representative fungi achieved 31–38% cellulose and 33–40% lignin degradation in wheat straw and cotton stalks, with protein increases from ~2.1–2.7% to ~6.0–8.4% (P≤0.05). P. ostreatus MBI‑2022 supported edible fruiting on all substrates; cumulative yield distribution favored wheat straw and sunflower husks. Residual biomass‑derived Trichoderma biopreparation reduced disease prevalence by ~20%, increased yield by up to 12%, and improved seedling morphometrics by ~17% in field tests. Conclusion: SSF with P. ostreatus MBI‑2022 upgrades RPW to food and nutrient‑enriched feed while enabling circular reuse of residual biomass for crop protection. The approach provides a reproducible, low‑waste route to valorize agricultural residues within a circular bioeconomy framework.

Keywords: Plant waste, Bioconversion, Lignocellulose valorization, Solid-state fermentation, White-rot fungi, Biological efficiency, Circular bioeconomy, Trichoderma biopreparation.

Algeria is highly affected by forest fires, between 1985 and 2023, 1,408,547ha were recorded, caused by 76,427fires. Given the magnitude of the forest fires, analysis of fire reports and risk mapping are essential to understanding this natural disaster. This study investigates temporal and spatial trends in forest fire activity in Algeria over 39 years, using a combination of statistical and spatial analysis methods, aiming to identify trends in fire frequency and burned area, and to locate high-risk zones. The Mann-Kendall, non-parametric test, was applied to time-series data to assess monotonic trends in three variables: annual number of fires, total area burned, and average area burned per fire. The statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in fire frequency, with Kendall’s Tau = 0.405 and an average rise of 44 fires annually, but no significant trends in total area burned or average area per fire, indicating stable fire extent despite increased frequency. The provinces: Alger, Boumerdes, Tizi Ouzou, Bejaïa, Constantine, Jijel and Tipaza have the highest priority for forest fire prevention and management due to their exceptionally high fire risk. These findings underscore the need for enhanced prevention strategies, including early detection and fuel management in Algeria’s fire-prone ecosystems.

Keywords: Forest fire, Trends, Statistical analysis, Map risk, Algeria.

In Jordan, the production of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) is important for both food security and rural livelihoods. However, farmers face a number of problems, such as high labor cost, production efficiency, and overall farm profitability. Also, many farmers still plant potato manually which increases their input costs. The economic differences between mechanical and manual potato planting across three northern provinces, which are the Northern Jordan Valley, Irbid, and Al-Mafraq (Bal’ama) over the period 2023–2025 are compared and examined in this study. The following are the study’s goals: 1. To analyze the socio-economic characteristics of potato farmers, 2. To determine the main cost factors and productivity levels in both planting types (manually or mechanically), 3. To test the statistical significance of the differences in cost and productivity depending on the type of planting, 4. To identify the main obstacles and challenges that potato farmers face. A structured survey was conducted targeting potato farmers (n=50) using one or both planting types. Differences in planting method (one ridge or two ridges), water volume applied, labor costs, pesticide use, harvesting costs, productivity, and challenges were evaluated using SPSS version 28 (α = 0.05). According to the study, manual planting had a substantially higher average labor cost per ha (281.15USD) than mechanical planting (216.58USD), and total planting costs were about 124% higher for manual systems (771.35USD/ha vs. 343.96USD/ha). Mechanized planting reduced water use and planting cost by 29.7 and 55.4%, respectively. Furthermore, mechanized planting was associated with fewer production challenges, although differences in yield were not statistically significant. Also, manual farmers reported a higher average difficulty score, indicating a statistically significant difference in the degree of difficulty encountered. Overall, the findings suggest that mechanization enhances cost efficiency and resource utilization while reducing dependency on manual labor. For farmers and agricultural extension officers, these results underscore the practical value of promoting mechanized potato planting to increase profitability and sustainability in North Jordan’s potato sector.

Keywords: Potato Planting, Mechanization, Manual Planting, Economic Feasibility, Productivity, Challenges, Jordan.

The growth performance and metabolic capacity of Beauveria bassiana B14532 were assessed on various Palm Oil Mill Waste (POMW)-based agar formulated from six residues: decanter cake (DC), palm oil mill effluent (POME), empty fruit bunch (EFB), oil-palm frond (OPF), oil-palm trunk (OPT), and palm kernel cake (PKC). Radial growth and conidial yield varied significantly among substrates, correlating with differences in C:N ratio, total sugars, and nutritional compositions. EFB, DC, and OPF facilitated the greatest radial growth (42.45–44.75mm) and the highest conidial concentrations (up to 6.53×109conidia mL-1), while PKC exhibited the least growth. For lignocellulolytic assays, the fungus was cultured under submerged-state fermentation (SMF) using carbon sources derived from each POMW to assess enzyme activity: CMCase peaked at 4.98U mL-1 on EFB and 4.40U mL-1 on OPT at 144h, while xylanase reached 48.30U mL-1 on OPF at 120h. Principal component analysis indicated that the initial three components accounted for 87.57% of the total variation, correlating nutrient availability and sugar content with growth, and conidiation efficiency. Balanced C:N ratios and sufficient carbon are key for fungal growth, while substrate composition influences enzyme activity and conidiation; B. bassiana B14532 efficiently converts agro-industrial wastes into biomass and conidia for sustainable pest management and biomass valorization.

Keywords: Palm Oil Mill Waste, By-Products, Mycoinsecticide, Beauveria bassiana.