International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences

Growth regulation in the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is closely linked to neuropeptides such as red pigment concentrating hormone (MrRPCH), a single-chain polypeptide structurally related to proinsulin. In this study, the MrRPCH gene was cloned into a modified pRSET_A expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 trxB (DE3) cells. Upon IPTG induction, the recombinant MrRPCH protein (~12kDa) was expressed predominantly in inclusion bodies. The protein was successfully purified using the MagneHis™ Protein Purification System, and its purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. This study provides a reliable method for high-yield expression and purification of MrRPCH, paving the way for future applications in aquaculture, including disease resistance enhancement and growth promotion in crustaceans.

Keywords: Disease resistance, Growth hormone, MrRPCH, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Recombinant protein.

Flooded agricultural lands in the arid areas of the West Kazakhstan Region serve as a reliable source of high-grade fodder, the shortage of which impedes the development of livestock breeding. The use of the region’s permanent water sources to flood agricultural lands secures the production of grass fodder regardless of weather conditions. Therefore, the study aims to identify the optimal flood regime to enhance the productive parameters of the soil. The methods of chemical analysis and quadrant sampling were applied to establish changes in soil pH, humus content, NO3, P2O5, and K2O, and the species composition of plots under different flood regimes. Results showed that greater flooding volumes were significantly associated with higher agrochemical indicators in the uppermost soil layer, with humus ranging from 2.8–3.7% (P<0.05), nitrate nitrogen 6.3–6.78mg/kg (±0.2), and mobile phosphorus 53.2–74.3mg/kg (±1.5). The only exception was mobile potassium, which increased only with the flooding volume of 4,000–4,500m³/ha, reaching 680.6±5.3mg/kg. Exchangeable sodium content was more favorable for soil fertility at irrigation rates of 3,500–4,000 and 4,000–4,500m³/ha. Flooding volumes over 3,000m³/ha supported optimal soil salinity. Plant density per m² also increased with higher flood volumes. The natural herbage was dominated by couch grass, which reached a density of 269.5 to 374.2units/m2 and a share of 93.2–97.8% (of the total number of plants) in flooded areas and 101.8units/m2 and 43.3% in the non-flooded area (control). The highest average yield across the study years was achieved at flooding volumes of 4,000–4,500 m³/ha (27.2 cwt/ha) and 3,500–4,000 m³/ha (25.0 cwt/ha), exceeding the control by 253.2% and 224.7%, respectively (P<0.05). As a result, the study establishes 3,500–4,500 m³/ha as the optimal flooding regime for improving soil fertility and forage yield in semi-arid West Kazakhstan. These findings can inform irrigation management strategies in other arid and semi-arid regions, where similar flood-based practices could be adapted to enhance soil quality and fodder production.

Keywords: Flooding; Flooding volume; NDWI; Soil; Humus; Soil salt composition; Vegetation species composition; Yield.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, and results in severe complications. Krameria pauciflora (KP) is known to exhibit antihyperglycemic effects in diabetic rats. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Krameria triandra extract (KTE) on blood glucose and proinflammatory interleukins in diabetic rats. Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly assigned to two groups: a normal control group (n=6) and an experimental group (n=18). Diabetes was induced in rats of the experimental group by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60mg streptozotocin. The diabetic rats were subdivided into three groups (n=6 each): (1) diabetic (DM) rats treated orally with vehicle, (2) KTE diabetic (DOK) rats treated orally with KTE 100mg/kg, and (3) Metformin diabetic (DOM) rats treated orally with metformin (100mg/kg). Following the experimental period (16 days), blood samples were collected for analysis of fasting blood glucose, proinflammatory Interleukins (IL-2, IL-6, IL-1Beta), and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF). Initial and final body weight of rats were also recorded. The results indicated significant metabolic and immunological restructuring of KTE, characterized by increases in both fasting blood glucose and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6), as well as suppression of IGF. This divergence of effects between Krameria pauciflora and Krameria triandra underscores the necessity for species-specific pharmacological evaluation and cautions against generalizing effects across the species of the Krameria genus. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the compounds and mechanisms underlying these observations and to assess the clinical relevance of KTE.

Keywords: Diabetic; Krameria Triandra; Proinflammatory, Streptozotocin.

In Kazakhstan, winter wheat is grown in the south and south-east of the country on an area of more than 520 thousand hectares. Winter wheat is grown mainly on rain-fed lands, where precipitation amounts to 180-350 mm per year. Due to climate change, wheat’s drought resistance is a global problem, and despite some success, the study of individual mechanisms of winter wheat’s drought resistance, the identification of genotypes with signs of drought resistance, as well as the study of their disease resistance, yield and grain quality is relevant for the republic. Field and laboratory studies of 14 genotypes of winter soft wheat for drought resistance were carried out. Correlation analysis (the relationship between traits and yield) showed that the weight of grains per plant GWP (r = 0.87) is the main factor in the yield of the winter wheat varieties and lines we studied. The number of spikelets per main spike SNMS (r = 0.75) also had a strong influence to yield. The grain weight per main spike GWMS (r = 0.69) and the weight of 1000 grains TGW (r = 0.64) also showed a high correlation with yield, but were slightly inferior to the grain weight per plant GWP. Plant height PH (r = 0.58) and number of grains per spike GNMS (r = 0.49) showed a moderate correlation with yield. In our studies, main spike length MSL (r = 0.24) did not affect yield. These parameters correlated with relative water content (RWC) in the experimental seedlings. Photosynthetic pigment content correlated with the level of water-soluble proteins under stress. Varieties and lines differed in morphology (botanical variety) did not show the same yield and its components.

Keywords: Wheat, Variety, Yield traits, Drought, Resistance, Physiological parameters.

Local chickens excel in environmental adaptation, disease resistance, and are important for the household economy. This study aimed to identify the genetic characteristics and polymorphisms of the First Generation (G1) of local chickens using SNP analysis in the D-loop mtDNA region. A total of 20 G1 chickens were used as the initial population, with 7 selected at random for analysis. A 3mL blood sample was taken from each chicken for DNA amplification using PCR with a universal D-loop Gallus gallus primer, resulting in a 526bp fragment. The sequencing results showed 420nt, which was analyzed for SNPs and compared with the chicken sequence of Gallus gallus in GenBank (AB007725.1). The analysis identified six polymorphic sites: 33% at bases 0-100, 50% at 101-200, and 17% at 201-300. G1 individuals with feather color variations showed higher levels of polymorphism. The SNP found has the potential to be a genetic marker to differentiate G1 individuals. The novelty of this study is the identification of high-productivity local Ternate chicken clumps based on D-loop DNA as well as quantitative and qualitative phenotypic characters. These findings have the potential to be applied in similar regions to increase productivity and food security, as well as support the conservation and genetic improvement of local poultry resources in Indonesia. In conclusion, SNP analysis in the mtDNA D-loop region proves effective for evaluating genetic variability in G1 chickens. The findings support the use of SNP markers for breeding programs, genetic conservation, and future development of local chicken resources.

Keywords: Ayam Lokal, Ternate, SNP, DNA Mitokondria D-loop.

This study was conducted at the Akas Agricultural Company LLP in West Kazakhstan to evaluate the amino acid composition and technological properties of milk proteins in first-calf cows of the Black-and-White breed and Holstein cattle of German and Dutch origin, as well as their crossbreeds, in order to identify the most promising genotype and establish optimal directions for further breeding. Five groups of animals were kept under identical conditions, and milk samples were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography and microscopic methods. Significant genotype-related differences were revealed: milk of crossbreeds contained the highest levels of essential amino acids, particularly leucine, arginine, lysine, and phenylalanine, compared with pure Black-and-White cows. Holstein cows and their crossbreeds demonstrated improved protein profiles, with higher casein content and more favorable casein micelle structures. These characteristics enhanced the technological properties of milk, including coagulation time and suitability for dairy processing. The findings indicate that crossbreeding Black-and-White cows with Holsteins increases the nutritional and biological value of milk, making it more suitable for high-quality dairy production.

Keywords: Amino Acid Composition, Casein, First-Calf Cows; Holsteins of Dutch and German Breeding; Milk.

Coccidiosis is considered as one of the most economically significant diseases in poultry. It requires the need for sustainable alternatives to synthetic anticoccidials. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of organic charcoal as a dietary supplement in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria spp. The investigation focused on its anticoccidial and antioxidant properties and its impact on growth, gut health, and immunity. A total of 375 chicks were randomly allocated into five groups (Tch1, Tch2, T-ve1, T-ve2, and T+ve), with three replicates of 25 birds each. Charcoal was supplemented to the feed at 1g/kg (Tch1) and 3g/kg (Tch2), while positive control received sulphadimidine + diaveridine HCl. Birds were reared for 35 days; dietary treatments began on day 12 and infection was induced on day 14. Charcoal supplementation significantly improved feed conversion ratio, lesion score, oocyst index, and fecal oocyst shedding as compared to controls (P<0.05). It also enhanced total antioxidant capacity, reduced malondialdehyde concentrations, and improved intestinal morphology (villus height and surface area). Notably, these benefits were achieved without compromising growth or mineral balance. In conclusion, organic charcoal demonstrates dual anticoccidial and antioxidant effects. It acts as a natural feed additive that alleviates the pathological and oxidative effects of coccidiosis. These findings support its ability as a sustainable strategy to reduce reliance on synthetic anticoccidials in intensive poultry production.

Keywords: Broiler, Coccidiosis, Antioxidant, Gut integrity, Antioxidant defense, Charcoal supplementation.

Dangke is a traditional cheese typical of Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, a processed food made from milk. Functional cheese is currently being developed to support its benefits for human health, including probiotic cheese from lactic acid bacteria. This study aimed to determine and compare the amino acid profile of probiotic cheese from developing dangke using starter culture Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and coating by various types of biodegradable film. The results of this study indicate that the highest amino acid profile in all cheese groups is glutamic acid, with an average of 43.60mg/kg. Coating use has a significant influence on the amino acid profile of ripened cheese. In addition, the cheese group with the highest amino acid component is in the 2% Konjac cheese group, which is coated with Konjac.

Keywords: Amino acids, Biodegradable film, Dangke, Lactobacillus delbrueskii.

This study aims to develop and characterize antibacterial biodegradable film using polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and Annona muricata leaf extract (15%) reinforced with chitosan (0, 1, 2, and 4%). Surface morphology and biomaterial interaction were accessed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Film reinforced with 4% chitosan showed the greatest thickness (P<0.05) compared to others. The elongation at break (EAB) of Annona-based film reinforced with 1% chitosan was considerably higher (P<0.05) than controls. The annona-based film reinforced with 4% chitosan demonstrated significantly higher opacity (P<0.05) than controls. The film was completely degradable in the soil on day 16. Anonna-based film inhibited R. planticola, C. farmeri, C. braakii, A. hydrophila and S. lentus. Furthermore, an increased chitosan concentration showed increased antibacterial activity of the film. Therefore, Annona-based film reinforced with 4% chitosan shows promising potential as a biodegradable packaging material.

Keywords: Annona muricata, Chitosan, Biofilm, Antimicrobial, Biodegradable.

This study compared two locally engineered LED irradiators (KSDO-1 and KSDO-2) for their efficiency in accelerating growth and productivity of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The work was motivated by the need for energy-saving, crop-specific lighting to enable year-round tomato production in northern Kazakhstan. Experiments were conducted at the LedSystemMedia greenhouse complex (Astana, Kazakhstan) using the F1 hybrid ‘Forticia RC’ grown hydroponically. Plants were illuminated with either high-pressure sodium (HPS; control) or one of the two LED treatments. Main physiological and morphological parameters, such as plant height, internode length and leaf area. Quantum yield of photosystem II (Y(II)) and fruit productivity were measured during the vegetative and reproductive periods. The biochemical content of the fruits was also determined. Measurements were made according to standard national methods and with the help of specialized equipment (MINI-PAM-II fluorometer). Tomato plants subjected to LED treatments. Particularly, KSDO-2 showed significantly better performance. The total yield was enhanced by 150.2% (KSDO-1) and 152.6% (KSDO-2) compared to the control. Increased photosynthetic efficiency shortened internodes, increased leaf area (by 20–24%), and extended fruiting periods were found under LED illumination. No differences were noticed in fruit biochemical quality among the treatments. The results indicate that LED irradiators designed according to plant photosynthetic requirements have the potential to significantly increase tomato production in controlled environments. The KSDO-2 model proved to be the most efficient and is now being prepared for patenting, being a promising development in energy-saving greenhouse lighting technology.

Keywords: Greenhouse, Tomato, LED lighting, Productivity, Biological parameters.

Indonesia is the second-largest producer of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed in the world and is committed to the global sustainable development goals (SDGs). Tarakan Island is the northernmost large island in Indonesia, designated as a centre for Kappaphycus alvarezii production. The study of aquaculture management in the coastal zoning area of Tarakan Island is essential for supporting national development towards a sustainable concept. This research focuses on analyzing both ecological carrying capacity and production capacity during the western and eastern monsoons. Analysis and observation of aquatic environmental parameters were obtained in situ, consisting of nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen, current patterns and velocities, salinity, pH, turbidity, brightness, sea surface temperature, tides, bathymetry, and substratum. The distribution of chlorophyll-a is derived from the satellite data from JAXA GCOM-C OCEAN CHLA V3. Modeling of carrying capacity evaluation using integrated assessment of aquatic ecological parameters. The results of the study showed a higher level of suitability in the west monsoon, with a suitable area of 6,211ha (53%) and a moderately suitable 5,503ha (47%). In the east monsoon, the suitable area was 4,511ha (38%), moderately suitable was 6,310ha (54%), and less suitable was 893ha (8%). The analysis of the aquaculture management area (AMA) estimates that effective carrying capacity and sustainability for the west monsoon covers 2,343ha, with a capacity of 5,903 longline units and a production capacity of 8,677.4 wet metric tons per cycle. For the east monsoon, the area encompasses 2,164ha, with a capacity of 5,452 longline units and a production capacity of 7,974.8 wet metric tons per cycle. The study results indicated that Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation can be carried out throughout the year, in both the west and east monsoons

Keywords: Wheat, Variety, Yield traits, Drought, Resistance, Physiological parameters.

Agricultural processing generates large volumes of lignocellulosic residues (wheat and barley straw, cotton stalks, corn cobs/husks, sunflower husks, and sugar beet waste) that are often under‑utilized. We evaluated a circular bioconversion pipeline that (i) upgrades renewable plant waste (RPW) to food and feed products via solid‑state fermentation (SSF) with the white‑rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus (strain MBI‑2022) and (ii) valorizes post‑fruiting residual biomass via short SSF with Trichoderma citrinoviride AEF‑2024 and T. harzianum AEF‑2024. RPW was pre‑moistened (1:1w/w water), sterilized (1atm, 30 min), inoculated at 0.3 kg spawn per 10 kg substrate and incubated at 28°C for 10 days (n=10 containers per substrate; analytical subsamples n=5 unless stated). Cellulose (Kürschner), lignin (Komarov‑modified H₂SO₄), protein (Kjeldahl, N×6.25), lipids (Soxhlet), and nucleic acids (A260/A280) were quantified. Fungal performance was assessed as weight loss, cellulose/lignin degradation, and protein enrichment. Spent substrate was re‑inoculated with Trichoderma spp. (5 days) to formulate a biopreparation that was tested in open‑field vegetables. Across RPW types, cellulose and lignin were present at levels conducive to bioconversion. After 10 days, representative fungi achieved 31–38% cellulose and 33–40% lignin degradation in wheat straw and cotton stalks, with protein increases from ~2.1–2.7% to ~6.0–8.4% (P≤0.05). P. ostreatus MBI‑2022 supported edible fruiting on all substrates; cumulative yield distribution favored wheat straw and sunflower husks. Residual biomass‑derived Trichoderma biopreparation reduced disease prevalence by ~20%, increased yield by up to 12%, and improved seedling morphometrics by ~17% in field tests. Conclusion: SSF with P. ostreatus MBI‑2022 upgrades RPW to food and nutrient‑enriched feed while enabling circular reuse of residual biomass for crop protection. The approach provides a reproducible, low‑waste route to valorize agricultural residues within a circular bioeconomy framework.

Keywords: Plant waste, Bioconversion, Lignocellulose valorization, Solid-state fermentation, White-rot fungi, Biological efficiency, Circular bioeconomy, Trichoderma biopreparation.

Essential oils of lime are now much more valuable than juice or fresh fruit due to their limited quantity and growing demand. Amid climate change, switching to lime cultivation offers greater economic efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lime peel treatment on the extraction efficiency, composition, antioxidant, and antifungal activities of essential oils from four lime species (Citrus sp.) commonly grown in An Giang province, Vietnam, including Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus latifolia, Citrus hystrix, and Citrus limonia. The findings indicated that pre-distillation drying of the peel reduced the mass of raw material by 10%, thereby reducing solvent consumption, but also lowered essential oil yield. However, this treatment did not significantly affect limonene concentration or antioxidant and antifungal activities of the essential oil. Although the essential oil of C. hystrix produced the highest extraction yield, its limonene content was the lowest, resulting in the lowest antioxidant activity. The essential oil of C. latifolia yielded more extract than the other three species, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 range 134.64–144.31L/mL), and showed the most potent antifungal effect against Fusarium equiseti. There were no significant differences in antioxidant and antifungal activities between the essential oils of C. aurantifolia and C. limonia. Notably, the essential oil extracted from the fresh peel of C. latifolia possessed a pleasant aroma and received the highest score on the hedonic scale.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Antifungal effect, Essential oil, Lime species.

Aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry and a vital source of protein worldwide. However, parasitic infection/infestation poses significant challenges to its sustainability, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. This study examines the diversity, prevalence, and seasonal occurrence of parasites in fish farms in Charsadda, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Parasites were diagnosed through microscopic examination of gills, skin, fins, and blood smears, and identified morphologically using standard taxonomic keys. A total of 500 fish specimens were collected from seven farms, revealing an overall infection/infestation rate of 49.2%. Among the identified parasites, Lernaea spp. exhibited the highest prevalence (14.2%), while Trypanosoma spp. showed the highest mean intensity (8.43 parasites per infected fish). Seasonal trends were evident, with peak parasite prevalence occurring during the warmer months (spring and summer), particularly for ectoparasites like Lernaea spp. and Argulus spp. Chi-square analysis revealed significant differences in parasite prevalence across fish species, emphasizing the severe impact of Trypanosoma spp. on fish health. Farm-specific parasite profiles were also noted, indicating that environmental factors, water quality, and farming practices influence the distribution of parasites. These findings underscore the critical role of environmental factors, water quality, and the distribution of farming practices. Effective management strategies, including regular monitoring and enhanced biosecurity, are crucial for mitigating parasitic threats and promoting sustainable aquaculture in the region.

Keywords: Parasites; Aquaculture; Infection; Infestation; Prevalence; Charsadda; Pakistan.

Pesticides are applied to protect plants from pest infestation and subsequent damage caused resulting in undesirable effects. Nevertheless, human exposure to residues from these pesticides may pose health implications. Residue monitoring programs have been established in many countries to assess the use of pesticides in accordance with good agricultural practices. The current study is an effort to report on the status of pesticide residues in date fruit and to conduct a risk assessment based on dates consumption among adults in the UAE. A total of 464 date fruit samples were obtained in 2024 as part of this survey in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and analyzed for 365 pesticide residues. Pesticide extraction was performed using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection through liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The results from the validation data indicate that the method has sufficient accuracy for the detection of pesticide residues in date palm fruits. A total of 292 (63%) samples did not contain detectable quantity of pesticides (ND) while 172 samples (37%) contained pesticide residues exceeding the regulatory limits (>MRL). Deltamethrin of pyrethroid family was the predominant insecticide found in 41% of the positive samples. In addition, residues of Cypermethrin, Pyridaben, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos, Spirodiclofen, Thiamethoxam, Carbendazim, Imidacloprid, Fenzaquin, Fenvalerate, Matrine, Chlorantraniliprole, Clothianidin Fenpyroximat, Acetamiprid, Abamectin, Acirnathrin and Ethion were also detected. The hazard index data indicates that the dietary exposure to the assessed pesticides is within acceptable safety limits. The study emphasizes the significance of regular monitoring and its value in food safety management.

Keywords: Dates, Pesticide; Residues; LC-MS-MS; hazard index.

Citrus fruits are among the most extensively cultivated crops worldwide, as their fruits and by-products are widely recognized as vital sources of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals essential for human health. In recent years, citrus by-products have attracted significant research interest due to their potential as sources of value-added products, such as essential oils, flavonoids, pectin, dietary fibers, and biofuels. Notably, customers have high demands for green, safe, and health-friendly products. Therefore, this paper reviews the importance of both volatile and non-volatile compounds in citrus by-products and their potential health benefits. The results indicate that citrus by-products are rich in essential oils, flavonoids, and limonoids, which possess diverse bioactivities, such as antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the recovery of essential substances from citrus by-products (peels, leaves, and seeds) not only minimizes environmental impact but also enhances added values of citrus fruits, offering sustainable solutions for economic and health benefits derived from citrus-based products. This information is useful for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries in developing new and safe products. Regarding future research, the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between volatile and non-volatile compounds in citrus by-products and their impact on bioactivity should be focused to better understand their overall bioactivity.

Keywords: Citrus; Essential oils; Phenolic compounds; Flavonoids; Fruit by-products.

The silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) is an economically important species due to its ability to produce valuable silk. This study aimed to assess reciprocal hybrids based on quantitative and qualitative traits to identify the most productive hybrid lines. Genetic materials used were silkworm’s strains from China and Japan with accession numbers 804, 102, and 927, 202 respectively. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of 6 crosses with 3 replications of 200 larvae each, resulting in a total of 3,600 larvae. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, mean comparisons were conducted using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the best three varieties namely Variety A (804×927), Variety B (927×804), and Variety D (202×927), produced superior performance with a range of cocoon shell percentage (CSP) 21.42–21.87%, cocoon shell weight (CSW) 0.39–0.40g, cocoon weight (CW) 1.82–1.87g, egg hatchability percentage (EHP) 97.96–98.51%, normal cocoon percentage (NCP) 86.00–92.67%, filament length (FL) 1.076–1.137m, and filament weight (FW) 0.31–0.32g. Meanwhile the qualitative parameters showed a intermediate morphology characteristic between the both parents. The accession number of 804 demonstrated the highest general combining ability, indicating its potential as an optimal female parent for hybrid development. Reciprocal crosses between Chinese and Japanese silkworm strains exhibited a performance level comparable to that of the standard Indonesian hybrid. The strategic utilization of underused female pupae through reciprocal crossing could broaden the genetic base and enhance resource efficiency, thereby aligning with the circular economy principles in the advancement of national sericulture.

Keywords: Agriculture, Industry, Reciprocal, Silk Thread.

Invasive species can have immense consequences on ecosystems, and their impact is more extensive than that of any native species. They can modify diverse characteristics in habitats, such as topography, nutrient availability, water management, and energy transfer, and these alterations persist long-term despite efforts to reverse them. This study aimed to capture the morphological features of this bird in various areas and investigate the differences in phenotypes between males and females. Samples of the Indian Crow were collected from some selected governorates of Oman. The birds were captured using non-lethal techniques and were euthanized at the point of capture. The morphological characterization of the birds was conducted. Quantitative measurements were performed, and anatomical sexing was carried out to differentiate between males and females. The morphological characterization revealed that the color of primary, secondary, and tail feathers, as well as the alula, beak, back, and eye ring, was predominantly black (100%), with only one exception in the eye ring (99.7% black, 0.3% blue). Significant differences were found across all measured traits. Males had significantly higher mean body weight, body width, body circumference, wing length, tarsus length, wingspan, beak length, and body length than females (P<0.001). Significant differences were found for several traits among the governorates. There were no significant associations between gender and any of the phenotypic characteristics. The Indian Crow flight feather was highly chromatically integrated, with primary, secondary, tail, and alula feathers mainly black and minor blue coloration, indicating strong genetic regulation of feather coloration. The morphometric analysis revealed that males are significantly larger than females, indicating high sexual size dimorphism.

Keywords: Invasive birds, Indian Crow, Phenotypic traits, Sultanate of Oman.

Agricultural extension plays a pivotal role in promoting the adoption of climate-smart practices among smallholders, yet its effectiveness in Indonesia remains uneven amid structural constraints and rapid digital transformation. This study examines how extension information quality and trust in agents influence farmer learning outcomes and subsequent adoption of climate-smart practices, while testing the moderating effects of chat-app microlearning exposure and extension agent digital capability. A cross-sectional survey of 378 irrigated rice farmers in Central Java and East Nusa Tenggara provinces was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that information quality and trust significantly enhance knowledge gain and self-efficacy, which in turn foster positive attitudes, stronger adoption intentions, and early adoption behavior. Both chat-app microlearning and agent digital capability strengthen these psychological pathways, demonstrating the effectiveness of hybrid extension systems that combine interpersonal trust with digital reinforcement. Practically, the study suggests that co-designed hybrid advisory calendars, localized micro-videos, and digital-skills training for extension agents can enhance learning and inclusivity, while asynchronous SMS and radio-based materials can support regions with limited connectivity. These insights provide a framework for implementing Indonesia’s Digital Agriculture Roadmap 2023–2045 and advancing inclusive, technology-enabled agricultural innovation.

Keywords: Agricultural extension, Climate-smart practices, Indonesia, Self-efficacy, Microlearning, Digital capability

Jordan is in the middle of a severe water crisis; hence, the national water security policy relies heavily on non-traditional water sources, such as treated wastewater (TWW), ‎notably for farming. The FAO Penman-Monteith equations, FAO crop coefficient, and ‎CROPWAT software were used to analyze meteorological data (1980–2010) and estimate the water requirements of four major crops: olives (95.5ha), alfalfa (289ha), barley (280ha), and vetch (297.6ha). The ‎results showed that the annual TWW supply (12,766,064m³ year–1) was quite different ‎from the estimated actual agricultural need (7,173,601m³ year–1). This meant that there was a ‎annual surplus of 43.8% (5,592,463m³ year–1). The present fixed allocation scheme (30m³ha–1 day–1) was very inefficient since it gave too much to barley and vetch and not ‎enough to alfalfa. Even though alfalfa only took up 30% of the land, it used 56.4% of ‎the total water. Olives, on the other hand, were the most efficient at using water (9400m³ ha–1 year–1). The results show that we need to move from fixed to dynamic allocation systems that respond to crops’ real needs immediately. We also need to use ‎seasonal storage solutions to make use of the extra water. This will support Jordan’s water security strategy and ensure the best, most sustainable use of TWW.‎

Keywords: Treated wastewater reuse; Agricultural water management; Water use ‎efficiency; Water rights; Crop water requirements; Dynamic allocation; Jordan; Arid regions.

This study examined the determinants of farmer group participation in leveraging the benefits of digital agricultural extension services in Maros Regency, Indonesia. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), we analyzed the effects of five exogenous latent variables—farmer characteristics, external support, ICT use, extension activities, and extension dynamics—on two endogenous variables (Endo-LV): farmer participation and the benefits of digital extension. Data were collected through validated questionnaires from 288 farmers and 26 extension workers selected via simple random sampling. The results showed that farmer participation was significantly influenced by use of ICT (β = 0.502, P<00.001) and extension dynamics (β = 0.538, P<00.001), while participation itself strongly predicted benefits (β = 10.071, P<00.001). The structural model demonstrated strong explanatory power, with exogenous variables explaining 64% of the variance in farmer participation (R² = 0.640) and 77% of the variance in extension benefits (R² = 0.771). Farmer participation also mediated the indirect effects of ICT use and extension dynamics on perceived benefits. Conversely, farmer characteristics and extension activities had limited or negative direct effects. These findings underscore the importance of participatory approaches and adaptive extension strategies in enhancing the effectiveness of digital agricultural innovations.

Keywords: Digital Extension, Indonesia, Rice Farmers, Direct and Indirect Effect, Structural Equation Modeling.

Adequate nutrition, including calcium, protein, and fat, is essential for balancing bodily requirements. These micronutrients and macronutrients are also crucial for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a low-glycemic-index snack bar formula acceptable to consumers, determine the glycemic index and glycemic load of the best formula, and assess the effect of adding different concentrations of nano-calcium from red snapper on the antioxidant content of the snack bar. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four treatments based on variations in the concentration of nano-calcium from red snapper bone: F0 (0%), F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%). The selected formula was determined by considering panelists’ levels of preference and acceptance across all attributes. The chosen formula (F1) contains nutritional values including 18.04g (%w/w) protein, 13.05g (%w/w) fat, and 56.47g (%w/w) carbohydrates. One 50g serving of the snack bar contributes 15.1–37.5% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for individuals aged 17–29 years. This snack bar, made with robusta coffee extract and nano-calcium from red snapper, can be claimed as a source of protein, has a low glycemic index, and is rich in antioxidants.‎

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Low glycemic, Value added.

Most prostate cancers are treated primarily with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, the tumor frequently recurs in a more aggressive form shortly after, which might result in the development of androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). A change in the immune system has been suggested as a mechanism for the advancement of AIPC. Thus, examining the impact of ADT on immune cell development and function in prostate cancer would be of interest. Using TRAMP mice as a model, we examined the sizes of the genitourinary (GU) organs, prostate, and spleen, as well as B cell distribution in the spleen and bone marrow following androgen ablation through castration (TRAMP-Cas). Compared to the wild-type TRAMP mice, TRAMP-Cas mice had significantly reduced prostate and GU sizes, as well as increased spleen weights (P<0.05). Moreover, B cell populations increased significantly in the spleen and bone marrow of the TRAMP-Cas mice compared to the TRAMP-wt mice (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Notably, we observed significant increases in immature B cells in the spleen and bone marrow of TRAMP-cas mice. In the TRAMP-cas group, IL-7R expression by bone marrow-derived immature B cells was notably higher, with significant elevations in the serum levels of IL-7. The findings of the current study highlight the possible role of the IL-7R/IL-7 signaling pathway in regulating immune cell activation and strengthening the body's defense against prostate cancer during ADT treatment. The IL-7R/IL-7 cascades show great promise, especially during the ADT period, which serves as an opportune phase for prostate cancer intervention.

Keywords: Prostate, Cancer, Interleukin-7, B cell, IL-7 receptor.

Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.) are an essential source of animal protein for rural populations in the Andes, Africa, and Asia. However, the high cost of conventional feed ingredients poses a challenge to producers. The search for alternative, cost-effective feed options has led to the exploration of African Oil Palm Flour (APF) as a viable substitute, therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of including different levels of APF in guinea pig diets during the fattening phase, particularly in the context of rising global food prices as consequence of commercial disruptions, armed conflicts, and climate-related issues. Conducted in Urcuquí canton, northern Ecuador, the experiment lasted 56 days and involved 120 male Creole guinea pigs, 21 days old, with an average weight of 346g. A randomized block design was used with four dietary treatments: L0 (0% APF), L1 (5% APF), L2 (10% APF), and L3 (15% APF). All animals also received Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and concentrate. The variables evaluated were the nutritional value of APF, feed intake (kg), feed waste (%), and weekly weight gain (g), which were subsequently used to calculate the feed conversion index (FCI). Finally, a regression analysis using an orthogonal test was performed. No significant differences were observed among the variables (P>0.05). However, L1 recorded the highest dry matter intake (5.37±0.27kg), the most favourable FCI (5.38±0.34), and the lowest feed waste percentage (18.00±0.76%), while L0 showed the greatest weekly weight gain (107.32±6.23g). The orthogonal polynomial analysis indicated that feed conversion exhibited a quadratic response to weight gain and feed intake (P<0.05). Feed intake and weight gain demonstrated a fourth-order polynomial trend (P<0.05). Overall, these findings indicate that APF can serve as an effective substitute for conventional feed ingredients without compromising the performance or health of guinea pigs (GP).‎

Keywords: African oil palm flour, Guinea pigs, Feed conversion, Dry matter intake, Mortality.

Algeria is highly affected by forest fires, between 1985 and 2023, 1,408,547ha were recorded, caused by 76,427fires. Given the magnitude of the forest fires, analysis of fire reports and risk mapping are essential to understanding this natural disaster. This study investigates temporal and spatial trends in forest fire activity in Algeria over 39 years, using a combination of statistical and spatial analysis methods, aiming to identify trends in fire frequency and burned area, and to locate high-risk zones. The Mann-Kendall, non-parametric test, was applied to time-series data to assess monotonic trends in three variables: annual number of fires, total area burned, and average area burned per fire. The statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in fire frequency, with Kendall’s Tau = 0.405 and an average rise of 44 fires annually, but no significant trends in total area burned or average area per fire, indicating stable fire extent despite increased frequency. The provinces: Alger, Boumerdes, Tizi Ouzou, Bejaïa, Constantine, Jijel and Tipaza have the highest priority for forest fire prevention and management due to their exceptionally high fire risk. These findings underscore the need for enhanced prevention strategies, including early detection and fuel management in Algeria’s fire-prone ecosystems.

Keywords: Forest fire, Trends, Statistical analysis, Map risk, Algeria.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of the polyene antibiotic Roseofungin, isolated from Streptomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini AS-20.14, to assess its potential as an antifungal agent. Roseofungin was characterized using UV–VIS spectrophotometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These techniques were employed to analyze the antibiotic’s thermal stability, absorption spectra, and molecular structure. The UV-VIS spectra revealed two maxima at 260nm and 362nm, typical of carbonyl-conjugated pentaenes. TGA and DSC analyses indicated low thermal stability, with significant mass loss at higher temperatures. The IR spectrum confirmed the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, while NMR spectroscopy supported the structural assignment of Roseofungin. The antibiotic demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activity and lower toxicity compared to other polyenes. The study confirms the potential of Roseofungin as an effective antifungal agent, particularly against dermatophytes and molds. Its physicochemical properties and lower toxicity position it as a promising candidate for further research and development in antifungal therapies, especially for drug-resistant fungal infections.

Keywords: Antifungal activity; Dermatophytes; Molds; Polyenes; Roseofungin structure.

The potential of sago pith as an abundant and low-cost carbohydrate source in Indonesia remains underutilized, yet its nutritional value and applicability as poultry feed can be greatly enhanced through fermentation technology. This study investigated the optimization of fermented sago pith to enhance its nutritional content and the subsequent impact on quail performance. This study was conducted in two stages. The first stage employed a 3×3 factorial design with three replicates to evaluate various substrates, sago pith mixed with cassava leaves, indigofera leaves, or tofu dregs, and fermentation duration (2, 4, or 6 days) using Bacillus subtilis inoculum. The second stage involved 200 Coturnix coturnix japonica quails (8 weeks old, ±10% production), with five treatments and four replications assessing different inclusion levels of fermented sago pith-cassava leaf (FSP-CL) in their diets (0-30%). The result in the first stage showed a highly significant interaction (P<0.001) observed between substrate type and fermentation duration, leading to enhanced cellulase and protease activities, as well as improvements in crude protein, crude fiber, crude fiber digestibility, and nitrogen retention. In the feeding trial, inclusion of 25% FSP-CL maintains daily egg production, egg mass, feed conversion, egg weight, and also affects egg yolk color and cholesterol. Optimal results were obtained with a 25% FSP-CL inclusion, resulting in an average daily consumption of 19.96g/head, a 44.41% daily egg production, a 4.54g/head/day egg mass, and a feed conversion ratio of 4.54. The study concluded that fermenting sago pith with 20% cassava leaves for 4 days yields the optimal substrate. Its inclusion in quail feed at 25% effectively maintains quail productivity while reducing feed costs.

Keywords: Fermented sago pith, Cellulase, Protease, Enzyme activity, Coturnix-coturnix japonica, Performance.

This study evaluated the effect of different milking routines on the milk productivity of Kazakh Bactrian camels in the West Kazakhstan region. Sixty female camels were divided into four groups, each having three replicates, with milking intervals every 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours. Milk yields and physicochemical parameters of milk (fat content, density, protein content, sugar, and ash substances) were measured. The results showed that the highest productivity, 1,498.5L per period was observed when milking every 2 hours, especially during the first 3 months of lactation (57.26% of the total milk yield). However, under this routine, milk density and fat content decreased. The optimal milk quality (fat content: 5.82%, density: 1.031g/cm³) was achieved at an interval of 4 hours. The most effective routine in terms of productivity is milking every 2-3 hours; however, for a balance between milk quality and animal health, milking once every 3 to 4 hours is preferable. Excessively frequent milking requires strict monitoring and proper feeding, while less frequent milking reduces overall productivity.

Keywords: Bactrian camel; Milk; Productivity; Lactation; Physicochemical parameters.

Sustainable livestock production requires reducing enteric methane emissions. Enhancing rumen fermentation through dietary supplements is a promising strategy to achieve this goal. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of fossil shell flour (FSF) diets supplemented with varying inclusion levels of baobab oil seed cake (BOSC) on the rumen environment and enteric methane emissions of Dohne Merino wethers. Twenty-four, five-month-old wethers (weighted 25±0.5kg) were kept in individual pens for 90 days of successive feeding. The wethers were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments in a completely randomised design, with each treatment consisting of six animals. Fossil shell flour was included in all diets at 4% and baobab oil seed cake at incremental levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Rumen environment (rumen pH, temperature (°C), ammonia concentration (mg/dL), total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and acetate: propionate ratio) and enteric methane emissions (ppm-m, g/day, L/day, g/kg DMI) were determined. Wethers fed 10% BOSC had the highest TVFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate concentration and the lowest A:P ratio.
Baobab oil seed cake supplementation did not significantly affect the rumen pH, temperature, ammonia, and VFA concentration (P>0.05). Enteric methane output was highest in wethers fed 0% BOSC during feeding and resting (P<0.05). Enteric methane output decreased with increasing BOSC supplementation level across all activities. It can be concluded that diets with 4% FSF supplemented with 10% BOSC maintain the rumen environment for fermentation and reduce enteric methane emission in Dohne Merino wethers, thereby promoting sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: Rumen environment; Enteric methane emissions; Baobab oil seedcake; Fossil shell flour; Dohne Merino.

Food contaminant acrylamide (AA), a byproduct of heat and also a component of tobacco smoke, is metabolized to glycidamide (GA) which have been shown to induce male reproductive toxicity by mechanisms that can largely be described as a consequence of oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunctions. As demonstrated in published literature, AA exposure greatly enhances lipid peroxidation and decreases the activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione, which cause testicular damage, apoptosis, hormonal imbalance and inhibition of sperm activity. Associations between biomarkers of acrylamide exposure and low semen quality are also reported in public health. Therefore, due to confounding factors, causal interpretation is not possible. The protective effects have indicated that several antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, zinc, selenium, melatonin, N-acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q10 and different polyphenolic compounds on the toxicity of AA-induced testicular and sperm injury through the restoration of redox balance, maintenance of hormonal balance and the enhancement of sperm parameters. Collectively, existing literature supports oxidative stress as a central mechanism in acrylamide-mediated reproductive dysfunctions and highlights antioxidants as potential therapeutic agents, though further controlled clinical studies are required to establish standardized treatment strategies, effective dosages and translational relevance to human male fertility.

Keywords: Acrylamide, Glycidamide, Oxidative stress, Male infertility, Testis, Sperm, Antioxidants, Nrf2/Keap1, CYP2E1, DNA damage.

Increasing the genetic potential of productive traits and creating highly productive dairy herds requires systematic evaluation of genotypes and phenotypes. Our research aimed to develop a digital method for studying animal conformation, objectively assess cow and replacement heifer traits, and analyze phenotypic patterns in realizing dairy cows’ genetic potential. Studies were conducted on Holstein cows and daughters of the Reflection Sovereign and Wis Back Ideal lines at LLP “Turar” (Fedorovsky District) and LLP “Sadchikovskoye” (Kostanay District), Kostanay Region. The sample included 450 first-lactation cows and 200 heifers. Least variable traits were height at withers (4.6–5.6%), straight body length (4.8–5.9%), pelvic length (5.7–6.3%), and body conformation index (4.0–4.2%), while rump width showed the greatest variability (11.2–12.7%), offering higher selection potential. Pelvic index variability ranged 6.8–7.6%. Moderate positive correlations were observed between key parameters: height at withers with body length (0.58 in cows, 0.47 in heifers), chest depth (0.52, 0.44), and pelvic length (0.55, 0.41). The “dam” factor significantly influenced heifer traits (24.4–34.7%), especially chest depth (34.7%), body length (33.9%), height at withers (33.4%), and pelvic length (31.6%).

Keywords: Body conformation type, Dairy productivity, Cow conformation index, 3D imaging, Programmable controller.

Rhinacanthus nasutus is a medicinal plant valued for its antioxidant and pharmacological properties, largely attributed to phenolic and flavonoid contents. This study enhanced bioactive metabolite production in cultures of R. nasutus calli through abiotic elicitation using sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). Calli was produced from nodal on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium added with 1mg L-1 kinetin and 1mg L-1 2,4-D, and elicited with varying concentrations of NaCl (0-200mM) and PEG (0-4%) for 7 days, followed by a 2-week recovery period. Growth parameters, physiological traits, pigment content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Results demonstrated that moderate stress conditions significantly improved biomass accumulation, with the highest fresh weight (1.82±0.21g) at 4% PEG combined with 100mM NaCl. Severe stress (4% PEG + 200mM NaCl) intensified oxidative stress, as indicated by increased malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage. The highest TPC (26.96±0.69mg GAE g⁻¹) occurred under 0 % PEG + 150mM NaCl, while the highest TFC (17.08±0.86mg QE g⁻¹) was recorded at 0 % PEG + 100mM NaCl. The optimal condition for enhanced antioxidant activity was 1 % PEG + 100-150mM NaCl (FRAP = 33.40±0.53mg TE g⁻¹; DPPH IC50 = 0.41±0.00mg mL⁻¹; ABTS IC50 = 0.14±0.00mg mL⁻¹). These findings demonstrated that controlled abiotic elicitation optimized phenolic and flavonoid biosynthesis, enhancing the antioxidant potential of R. nasutus calli for pharmaceutical applications.

Keywords: Abiotic elicitation, Antioxidant activity, Callus culture, Phenolic, Flavonoid.

Yam is a crucial crop for food security and income in Côte d’Ivoire. However, its cultivation is threatened by various viral infections that lead to significant yield losses. The spread of these viruses is facilitated by weeds and crops associated with yam, which serve as reservoirs. This study aimed to identify the reservoirs of yam viruses, the prevalence of viruses, and the most widespread plant families hosting yam viruses. In 2019, surveys were conducted in yam fields in six agro-ecological zones (AEZ) of Côte d’Ivoire. A total of 131 symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves from potential yam virus reservoirs were collected and conserved. These samples were screened for Badnaviruses using Immuno-capture PCR (IC-PCR). Potyvirus yamtesselati (yam mosaic virus, YMV), Potyvirus yamplacidum (yam mild mosaic virus, YMMV) and Cucumovirus CMV (cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) were detected using DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR. Eighteen plant families were recorded, the most common of which were Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae. Additionally, 75.57% of the samples were food crops, while 24.43 % were weeds. Viruses were detected in plants collected in all the six AEZ, and the incidence for at least one virus was 46.56%. CMV (23.66%) is the most widespread in all the zones, followed by Badnaviruses (11.45%) and YMV in only 5.34% of the samples. One case of mixed infection between CMV and Badnaviruses was noticed at the rates of 6.11%. However, no samples were found to be infected by YMMV. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Badnaviruses detected in the alternate hosts are yam Badnaviruses. Farmers should be made aware of the threat that could represent these alternative hosts in yam crops, and of the impact of cultural techniques on the occurrence and treatment of viruses.

Keywords: Yam viruses, Potyvirus, Cucumovirus and Badnavirus, DAS-ELISA, IC-PCR, Alternate host.

This study aimed to develop and validate a duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (Du-LAMP) assay for the early, simultaneous detection of dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and pig (Sus scrofa) DNA in food products to support Halal authentication efforts. Species-specific primers targeting mitochondrial DNA were designed for both species. The assay was tested on raw and cooked meat samples under laboratory conditions. Specificity, sensitivity, and time-to-result were evaluated and compared against conventional PCR. Negative controls included Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water and non-target species. The Du-LAMP assay specifically detected both dog and pig DNA, with no cross-reactivity. The limit of detection was 200 femtograms, approximately 50 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. Amplification was completed within 30min at 68°C, with visualization by agarose gel electrophoresis. In contrast, PCR required ~90min and thermal cycling. This study reports the first duplex LAMP assay capable of simultaneously detecting dog and pig DNA in a single reaction. The method is rapid, sensitive, and potentially adaptable for field use in Halal compliance screening. Further validation on commercial food products is recommended to support real-world applications.

Keywords: Food authentication; Meat adulteration; Mitochondrial DNA; Molecular diagnostics; Species identification.

The increasing unreliability of scientific weather models in localized, rain-fed agricultural systems has prompted growing interest in Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) as a complementary forecasting tool. This systematic review examines the potential of integrating ITK into modern climate science, particularly artificial intelligence (AI)-based models, to enhance sustainable agriculture. Using the PRISMA 2020 framework, the study synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed articles and institutional reports published between 2000 and 2025 across Africa, Asia, Latin America, Oceania, and North America. Four dominant themes emerged: the typology of indigenous forecasting indicators, the challenges of reliability and knowledge erosion, and the prospects for integration with scientific systems. Results reveal that ITK employs a consistent range of bio-indicators, atmospheric cues, and astronomical observations, which, although locally accurate, face increasing disruption due to climate-induced variability. Case studies show that hybrid models-combining traditional indicators with AI and machine learning enhance forecast precision, farmer trust, and decision-making in agricultural planning. However, the review underscores significant ethical concerns around data sovereignty and knowledge appropriation, calling for co-production frameworks that center Indigenous communities as equal stakeholders. The study concludes that the integration of ITK and modern forecasting is not only scientifically advantageous but also essential for preserving cultural heritage and promoting climate resilience. These synergies can help shape climate services that are inclusive and locally grounded, offering support for sustainable agriculture in a rapidly changing global climate.

Keywords: Indigenous Technical Knowledge, Rainfall Prediction, Climate Adaptation, Sustainable Agriculture, Hybrid Forecasting.

The study aimed to develop stress-resistant Melilotus (sweet clover) cultivars to mitigate protein deficiency in livestock feed and enhance forage productivity under the challenging agro-climatic conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, encompassing zonal (chernozem, chestnut) and saline soils. The research utilized diverse genetic resources, including accessions from the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, hybrid populations, and both domestic and foreign cultivars. Breeding efforts combined selection and hybridization methods to obtain genotypes with improved drought, winter, and disease resistance. Salt tolerance was evaluated using a modified laboratory protocol with 1.05% NaCl solution, followed by multi-year field trials conducted on sulfate–chloride saline steppe soils. Among the developed cultivars, Melilotus wolgicus ‘Bars’ and ‘Qarlybas’ exhibited high stress tolerance and superior agronomic performance, producing green mass yields of 19.4–22.8t ha⁻¹—14.7–22.2% higher than the standard—and crude protein contents of 19.4–20.1%. Salt-tolerant accessions showing 62–87.5% germination under salinity included the yellow sweet clover ‘Sarbas’ and hybrid populations (kd-1728, kd-1690, kd-1828, kd-1830, etc.). The most promising hybrid, ‘Aq tań’ (kd-1829), demonstrated 85% salt tolerance, 94% first-year survival, and high yield stability on saline soils, producing 13.4t ha⁻¹ of green mass (+16.1%), 3.5t ha⁻¹ of dry matter (+16.0%), and 170kg ha⁻¹ of seeds (+14.7%) relative to the standard. The newly developed cultivars—‘Bars’, ‘Qarlybas’, and ‘Aq tań’—significantly enhance forage productivity, protein content, and environmental resilience in Northern Kazakhstan. These genotypes represent sustainable breeding achievements that can support livestock production systems on saline and marginal lands while contributing to regional feed self-sufficiency.

Keywords: Sweet clover, Melilotus, Breeding, Cultivar, Salt tolerance, Hybrid population, Yield, Green mass, Dry matter, Crude protein.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), a fruiting legume of the Malvaceae family, is widely cultivated in Africa and Asia for its nutritional and economic value. In Burkina Faso, despite its importance and several studies, the varietal offer registered in the national catalog remains limited to a single improved variety, hindering crop diversification. The aim of this study was to assess the agro-morphological variability of okra ecotypes from two different agro-ecological zones (humid and semi-arid), in order to diversify the range of varieties available in Burkina Faso. An experiment was conducted from June to September 2023 at the Farako Bâ station, Burkina Faso. Forty okra ecotypes (29 from Togo and 11 from Burkina Faso) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The study covered 11 qualitative and 12 quantitative traits. The results revealed considerable variability in the qualitative traits, notably the color and shape of stems, leaves and fruit, as well as great diversity in the quantitative traits measured. Marked phenotypic differences were observed between ecotypes from humid and semi-arid zones. Multivariate analyses, in particular hierarchical ascending classification, enabled the collection to be grouped into four distinct classes, revealing clear patterns of variability. Fifteen ecotypes (BF-13G1-2, BF-11G1-1, BF-1G1-6, TGO-037, TGO-026, TGO-009, TGO-022, TGO-033, TGO-013, TGO-002, TGO-006, TGO-015, TGO-030, TGO-014, TGO-025) stood out for their good agronomic performance, particularly in terms of earliness (average cycle of 59days after sowing) and yield (with an average fruit diameter of 21.56mm, a final stem diameter of 66.63mm, an average number of 7 Fruits harvested per plant and 100 seeds per capsule). These elite ecotypes, combining earliness and productivity traits, represent a promising genetic base for future breeding programs aimed at developing and disseminating new okra varieties adapted to farmers’ needs and local conditions.

Keywords: Okra, Agro-morphological, Variability, Yield, BURKINA Faso, Togo.

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is essential for chocolate production and holds significant economic and cultural value. This study evaluated the physical and sensory characteristics of five genotypes grown in Alto Sinú, Córdoba, Colombia. Physical parameters such as grain index, cotyledon percentage, and fermentation index were analyzed following standardized protocols, while a trained sensory panel assessed cacao liquor profiles. Results showed that all genotypes exceeded quality standards, with overall scores ranging from 6 to 8 out of 10. FSV41 stood out for its superior sensory attributes, characterized by nutty, floral, and sweet notes. The beans, classified as large (70–80/100g), are suitable for export and premium chocolate production. The results indicate that genotype, geographical origin and post-harvest processes, such as fermentation, are factors that influence the development of flavor precursor compounds for the final quality of cocoa. In addition, the research highlights the potential of Colombian cocoa in high-quality markets, suggesting that strengthening the production chain through genetic selection and control of post-harvest processes can improve the international competitiveness of the sector, especially with regional genotypes such as FSV41 that present ideal sensory attributes.

Keywords: Cacao beans, Sensory quality, Genotype, Sensory profile, Postharvest.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a globally significant aquaculture species, is crucial for food security.1 However, the industry’s reliance on fishmeal necessitates sustainable protein alternatives. Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal has emerged as a promising candidate due to its high nutritional value. This study, therefore, evaluated the effects of substituting fishmeal with mealworm meal on the growth performance and nutritional quality of Nile tilapia. Over a 49-day feeding trial, juvenile tilapia (initial weight: 1.83±0.06g) were assigned to six treatments in a completely randomized design. The diets included a commercial control and five formulations where fishmeal was replaced by mealworm meal at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Results indicated that dietary fishmeal replacement significantly impacted Feed Utilization Efficiency (EPP), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (P≥0.05), while Total Feed Intake and Survival Rate were unaffected (P≥0.05). Optimal growth performance was achieved at the 25% substitution level, yielding the highest SGR (3.12±0.14%/day), EPP (72.04±5.29%), and PER (2.35±0.10). Notably, the nutritional composition of the fish flesh was maximized at a 50% substitution level, which resulted in the highest concentrations of total essential amino acids (22.3g/100g protein) and LC-PUFAs (EPA+DHA; 9.32g/100g fat). These findings demonstrate that while a 25% substitution is optimal for growth, a 50% inclusion can enhance the product’s nutritional value, highlighting mealworm meal’s potential as a versatile and sustainable ingredient in tilapia aquafeeds.

Keywords: Tilapia, Feed, Nutrition, Mealworm, Growth.

The study aimed to develop rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties with colored pericarp and blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) resistance using molecular marker-assisted selection. The study used late-hybrid lines and varietal samples selected for the presence of rice blast resistance genes (Pi): Pi-1, Pi-9, Pi-40, and Pi-54. Gene identification was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Of the 38 genotypes analyzed, 14 hybrid lines and 7 varieties each contained 3 resistance genes, providing long-term resistance to the pathogen. A variety of red-grain glutinous rice, Almavita, containing the Pi-40 gene and having a wide spectrum of resistance, was developed and recommended for State Variety Testing. Agronomic evaluation demonstrated its high yield, resistance to lodging, and low grain loss. In conclusion, molecular markers were effectively used to accelerate the selection of resistant genotypes. The Almavita variety shows great value for practical breeding and can help to reduce dependence on imported red rice. The conducted comprehensive research identified promising late-generation hybrid lines of rice with colored pericarp and provided the necessary data to submit the red-grain glutinous rice variety Almavita, obtained by individual selection method from the F5 Vita/Fatima hybrid in the Balkhash District, Almaty Region, Kazakhstan, to State Variety Testing.

Keywords: Rice with colored pericarp, Blast disease, Marker-assisted selection (MAS), Resistance genes, Almavita variety.

Fractures occur when bone continuity is disrupted by trauma or excessive pressure, often involving soft tissue injury. Bone graft implantation supports healing and should be bioactive, osteoinductive, biocompatible, and bioresorbable. Hydroxyapatite, the main inorganic component of bone and teeth, is widely used to promote bone regeneration. This study evaluated hydroxyapatite derived from blood clam (Anadara granosa) shell waste as a potential xenograft to accelerate bone healing through radiographic and histopathological analysis. Twelve male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, with evaluations at the 2nd and 4th weeks post-implantation. Radiographs assessed callus formation, while histopathology examined osteogenic cell activity. Results showed that the Anadara granosa hydroxyapatite (AGHA) group has similar effectiveness to the commercial graft and demonstrated better osteoblast and osteoclast distribution than the control group. In conclusion, AGHA shows potential as a safe and effective xenograft alternative for accelerating bone regeneration.

Keywords: Anadara granosa hydroxyapatite, Bone Graft, Fracture, Osteogenesis.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a globally important crop that faces significant yield losses due to vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL), a persistent soil-borne pathogen. Conventional chemical fungicides used to combat this disease often pose environmental hazards and contribute to pathogen resistance, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. This study aimed to explore the antifungal potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through a green approach using aqueous leaf extracts from Eriobotrya japonica, Ficus carica and Olea europaea. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). AgNPs that are synthesized from E. japonica were tested through both laboratory assays and greenhouse trial to assess their inhibitory effects on FOL growth and disease progression. Results demonstrated that AgNPs significantly suppressed fungal development. Treated tomato plants exhibited reduced wilt symptoms compared to untreated controls. The application of green-synthesized AgNPs showed variable effects on the growth and development of tomato plants (cv. Dafnes) under greenhouse conditions. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized AgNPs as an eco-friendly and effective strategy for managing Fusarium wilt in tomato crops. By integrating green nanotechnology with plant disease management, this approach offers a promising alternative to chemical fungicides, contributing to sustainable agriculture and improved crop protection.

Keywords: Nanoparticles; Fusarium wilt; Plant extract; Loquat.

The degradation of soil fertility in Kazakhstan’s arable lands, driven by prolonged anthropogenic pressures, poses a serious threat to the agro-industrial sector. This problem is especially acute in the irrigated regions of the southeast, where soil humus content has declined to critically low levels. To address this issue, the study employed multispectral imaging using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) combined with the calculation of vegetation spectral indices (NDVI – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, GNDVI – Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, SAVI – Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) for monitoring winter wheat, soybean, and maize. Key soil fertility parameters, including humus horizon thickness and humus content, were correlated with vegetation indices. The efficiency of fertilizer application was evaluated through NDVI-based diagnostics, supported by direct measurements of nitrogen and chlorophyll content in plants. Furthermore, digital surface models enabled the consideration of within-field variability. The results demonstrated strong correlations between vegetation greenness indices, nutrient availability, and grain yield. NDVI proved to be a sensitive indicator of nitrogen nutrition, allowing for rapid and reliable diagnostics of plant mineral nutrition status. The integration of remote sensing techniques with ground-based observations provided an objective framework for assessing the condition of degraded soils, evaluating crop nutrient supply, and forecasting yields.

Keywords: Remote sensing, Soil degradation, Spectral index, Mineral nutrition, Winter wheat, Yield.

The study analyzed the long-term dynamics and spatial structure of Moroccan locust populations in Kazakhstan to assess phytosanitary risks and develop preventive management strategies. Annual field surveys conducted from 1999 to 2024 in the Turkestan and Jambyl regions provided data on colonization area, population density, and key colonization metrics, including relative, basic, and absolute population indices. Population dynamics were further evaluated using integral indices, including the coefficients of distribution, colonization, reproduction, and progradation, along with the energies of distribution and reproduction. Statistical analysis of 25 years of observations, including comparisons with solar activity indicators, enabled the identification of population phases and predictors of outbreak development. The findings revealed that the Moroccan locust exhibits eruptive population dynamics with four characteristic phases: depression, population growth, mass reproduction, and population decline. Major outbreaks occurred in 2017 and 2024, when reproduction and distribution indices peaked, exemplified by a coefficient of progradation of 168.8 and a reproduction coefficient of 5.11 in 2024. A significant correlation (r = 0.627) was found between increases in locust abundance and the population’s phase state, with climatic anomalies and anthropogenic disturbances identified as the main risk factors. The results support the conclusion that preventive monitoring and early detection of changes in population abundance provide a more effective and environmentally sound alternative to large-scale chemical treatments. A preventive population management strategy—built on continuous monitoring and the timely evaluation of integral indices—enables early recognition of critical phases in population development, facilitating rapid intervention to reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks and enhance phytosanitary security.

Keywords: Correct analysis of locust invasions; Invasion risk factors; Moroccan locust abundance dynamics; Population management.

Shallots are a staple commodity in Indonesia, essential both as a culinary ingredient and as traditional medicine, resulting in consistently high demand. However, production is constrained by limited seed and fertilizer availability, while excessive use of synthetic fertilizers can harm the environment. Environmentally friendly alternatives, such as the use of rhizosphere microorganisms, are increasingly considered due to their role in improving soil fertility and promoting plant growth. This study aimed to explore and identify rhizosphere bacterial isolates from shallot plants in Anggeraja Subdistrict, Enrekang Regency, and evaluate their potential as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), particularly in producing Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) and solubilizing phosphate. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from four villages Lakawan, Batunoni, Pekalobean, and Tampo—and isolated on nutrient agar. Isolates were characterized morphologically and physiologically, and their ability to produce IAA and solubilize phosphate was assessed using colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Among 60 isolates, 20 showed varying IAA production (0.02–3.92ppm) and phosphate solubilization (4.94–11.23ppm). Isolates BN14 and BN25 exhibited the highest IAA production, while BN02 showed the highest phosphate-solubilizing activity. Environmental factors such as soil C/N ratio and organic matter content likely influenced microbial activity. Greenhouse assays showed that several isolates enhanced shallot growth, with TP49 producing the most significant improvements in plant height (9.08cm), leaf number, root length (5.95cm), fresh weight (0.264g), and dry weight (0.0082g) compared to controls. Microscopic analysis confirmed biofilm formation on shallot roots, indicating successful bacterial colonization. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that selected high-performing isolates were closely related to Bacillus spp. These findings demonstrate the potential of indigenous rhizosphere bacteria as biofertilizers to enhance shallot productivity, support soil fertility, and promote sustainable agriculture in karst highland ecosystems of Enrekang.

Keywords: IAA, PGPR, Phosphate solubilization, Rhizosphere bacteria, Shallot.

This article focuses on optimising the process flow diagram for a solid municipal waste handling and recycling station in Tashkent. Probabilistic waste models, developed using the “quartering” method, served as the foundation for the experiments. The studies revealed that food waste constitutes approximately 34.5% of the total waste volume; however, the current mixed collection practice results in its disposal in landfills. To develop and create a prototype bag breaker, physical modeling methods, specifically dimensional analysis using the π-theorem, were employed. The experimental results were analyzed, and mathematical models for bag breaking and sorting food waste were created using the surface response method (the Box-Behnken design). The proposed integrated waste sorting system is expected to increase overall waste sorting by 25-30%, while the sorting of organic waste could reach up to 95%. Additionally, by improving the waste sorting percentage, the number of garbage trucks used to transport waste to landfills could be reduced by approximately 25-30%. Implementing these research results across the Republic of Uzbekistan will facilitate the successful adoption of circular economy policies and provide a renewable source of raw materials for agricultural needs.

Keywords: Municipal solid waste, Compost, Bag breaker, Cylindrical screen, Waste sorting.

This study evaluated the physicochemical, microbiological, and functional properties of fermented goat milk from three breeds: Peranakan Etawa (PE), Saanen, and Sapera, using the indigenous probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum IIA-1A5. Nine milk samples (three per breed) were fermented at 37°C for 16 h until pH 4.5 and then stored at 4°C. A randomized block design with three treatments, three replications, and a duplicate per analysis was applied. Evaluations included proximate composition, pH, titratable acidity, water activity, amino acid and fatty acid profiles (via HPLC and GC), antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), and enumeration of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fermentation significantly (P<0.05) enhanced amino acid content, antioxidant activity, and LAB population in all breeds. Fermented milk from PE goat showed superior attributes, including higher fat (6.18%), total amino acids (3.72%), antioxidant capacity (132.89mg EVC/g), and LAB count (8.60log CFU/g). These findings suggest that PE milk provides a more suitable medium for probiotic proliferation and bioactive compound synthesis compared to Saanen and Sapera milk. Overall, PE goat milk fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum IIA-1A5 demonstrates superior nutritional and functional qualities, indicating its strong potential as a base for functional probiotic dairy products.

Keywords: Fermented goat milk, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum IIA-1A5; Antioxidant activity, Functional food.

The purpose of this case study is to examine food companies in Jordan and understand the implications of sustainable practices on a consistent and secure food supply. The goal is to understand the impacts of sustainability practices on food supply, accessibility, and nutrition. This study utilized a quantitative research method to analyze sustainable food supply chain practices and food security in Jordanian food companies (estimated 5,000 employees). A sample of 360 participants was surveyed across production, distribution, and retail sectors. Regression results showed that social sustainability had the most substantial standardized effect on food security (β=0.41, P<0.001), followed by environmental (β=0.32, P<0.001) and economic sustainability (β=0.16, P=0.009). The model explained 47.5% of the variance in food security (R²=0.48), indicating a strong predictive relationship. This research contributes novel Jordan-specific evidence to the global debate on the sustainable food supply chain (SFSC), highlighting how social and environmental dimensions enhance food access and stability in resource-constrained settings. The findings offer practical guidance for policymakers and food companies by emphasizing regulatory frameworks, capacity-building, and local sourcing strategies that strengthen supply chain resilience.

Keywords: Sustainable Food Supply Chain, Food Security, Jordan, Supply Chain Resilience, Food Loss and Waste (FLW).

Our study investigates the effects of precision farming and varying nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer doses on spring wheat yield in Kostanay, Kazakhstan. By using agrochemical analysis and productivity zones, this research aims to optimize fertilizer use for better crop yields and offers practical recommendations for sustainable farming in similar climates. The study was conducted in 2023 at Lugovoye Farm on 215ha, and N and P fertilizers were tested on spring wheat. The best results were achieved with a 75 kg/ha ammophos application, resulting in a 3.0kg/ha increase in yield. Higher doses in productive zones and lower doses in less productive areas also yielded positive results. The findings highlight the potential of precision agriculture to increase productivity, sustainability, and food security, particularly in developing regions, to support economic growth and poverty reduction.

Keywords: Fertilizer optimization; Spring wheat yield; Sustainable agriculture; Green agriculture; Agricultural planning.